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contributing.md: Fix formatting
This commit contains two changes to CONTRIBUTING.md that: Fix line line lengths. There were several instances where line lengths were well over 80 characters. This commit adjusts them to make them conform to formatting best practices, to stay under 80 characters when possible. Adhere to consist use of quotes. There are a few instances where smart quotes are used (perhaps because it was pasted from a word processor). This commit replaces them with dumb quotes to keep it consistent with the quotation formatting found in the rest of the document.
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Will Binns
Will Binns
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CONTRIBUTING.md
138
CONTRIBUTING.md
@ -1,15 +1,26 @@
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Contributing to Bitcoin Core
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============================
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The Bitcoin Core project operates an open contributor model where anyone is welcome to contribute towards development in the form of peer review, testing and patches. This document explains the practical process and guidelines for contributing.
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The Bitcoin Core project operates an open contributor model where anyone is
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welcome to contribute towards development in the form of peer review, testing
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and patches. This document explains the practical process and guidelines for
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contributing.
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Firstly in terms of structure, there is no particular concept of “Core developers” in the sense of privileged people. Open source often naturally revolves around meritocracy where longer term contributors gain more trust from the developer community. However, some hierarchy is necessary for practical purposes. As such there are repository “maintainers” who are responsible for merging pull requests as well as a “lead maintainer” who is responsible for the release cycle, overall merging, moderation and appointment of maintainers.
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Firstly in terms of structure, there is no particular concept of "Core
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developers" in the sense of privileged people. Open source often naturally
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revolves around meritocracy where longer term contributors gain more trust from
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the developer community. However, some hierarchy is necessary for practical
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purposes. As such there are repository "maintainers" who are responsible for
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merging pull requests as well as a "lead maintainer" who is responsible for the
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release cycle, overall merging, moderation and appointment of maintainers.
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Contributor Workflow
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--------------------
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The codebase is maintained using the “contributor workflow” where everyone without exception contributes patch proposals using “pull requests”. This facilitates social contribution, easy testing and peer review.
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The codebase is maintained using the "contributor workflow" where everyone
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without exception contributes patch proposals using "pull requests". This
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facilitates social contribution, easy testing and peer review.
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To contribute a patch, the workflow is as follows:
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@ -17,35 +28,56 @@ To contribute a patch, the workflow is as follows:
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- Create topic branch
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- Commit patches
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The project coding conventions in the [developer notes](doc/developer-notes.md) must be adhered to.
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The project coding conventions in the [developer notes](doc/developer-notes.md)
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must be adhered to.
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In general [commits should be atomic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_commit#Atomic_commit_convention) and diffs should be easy to read. For this reason do not mix any formatting fixes or code moves with actual code changes.
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In general [commits should be atomic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_commit#Atomic_commit_convention)
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and diffs should be easy to read. For this reason do not mix any formatting
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fixes or code moves with actual code changes.
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Commit messages should be verbose by default consisting of a short subject line (50 chars max), a blank line and detailed explanatory text as separate paragraph(s); unless the title alone is self-explanatory (like "Corrected typo in main.cpp") then a single title line is sufficient. Commit messages should be helpful to people reading your code in the future, so explain the reasoning for your decisions. Further explanation [here](http://chris.beams.io/posts/git-commit/).
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Commit messages should be verbose by default consisting of a short subject line
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(50 chars max), a blank line and detailed explanatory text as separate
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paragraph(s); unless the title alone is self-explanatory (like "Corrected typo
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in main.cpp") then a single title line is sufficient. Commit messages should be
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helpful to people reading your code in the future, so explain the reasoning for
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your decisions. Further explanation [here](http://chris.beams.io/posts/git-commit/).
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If a particular commit references another issue, please add the reference, for example `refs #1234`, or `fixes #4321`. Using the `fixes` or `closes` keywords will cause the corresponding issue to be closed when the pull request is merged.
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If a particular commit references another issue, please add the reference, for
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example `refs #1234`, or `fixes #4321`. Using the `fixes` or `closes` keywords
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will cause the corresponding issue to be closed when the pull request is merged.
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Please refer to the [Git manual](https://git-scm.com/doc) for more information about Git.
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Please refer to the [Git manual](https://git-scm.com/doc) for more information
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about Git.
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- Push changes to your fork
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- Create pull request
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The title of the pull request should be prefixed by the component or area that the pull request affects. Examples:
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The title of the pull request should be prefixed by the component or area that
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the pull request affects. Examples:
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Consensus: Add new opcode for BIP-XXXX OP_CHECKAWESOMESIG
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Net: Automatically create hidden service, listen on Tor
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Qt: Add feed bump button
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Trivial: Fix typo in main.cpp
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If a pull request is specifically not to be considered for merging (yet) please prefix the title with [WIP] or use [Tasks Lists](https://help.github.com/articles/basic-writing-and-formatting-syntax/#task-lists) in the body of the pull request to indicate tasks are pending.
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If a pull request is specifically not to be considered for merging (yet) please
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prefix the title with [WIP] or use [Tasks Lists](https://help.github.com/articles/basic-writing-and-formatting-syntax/#task-lists)
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in the body of the pull request to indicate tasks are pending.
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The body of the pull request should contain enough description about what the patch does together with any justification/reasoning. You should include references to any discussions (for example other tickets or mailing list discussions).
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The body of the pull request should contain enough description about what the
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patch does together with any justification/reasoning. You should include
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references to any discussions (for example other tickets or mailing list
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discussions).
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At this stage one should expect comments and review from other contributors. You can add more commits to your pull request by committing them locally and pushing to your fork until you have satisfied all feedback.
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At this stage one should expect comments and review from other contributors. You
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can add more commits to your pull request by committing them locally and pushing
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to your fork until you have satisfied all feedback.
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Squashing Commits
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---------------------------
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If your pull request is accepted for merging, you may be asked by a maintainer to squash and or [rebase](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-rebase) your commits before it will be merged. The basic squashing workflow is shown below.
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If your pull request is accepted for merging, you may be asked by a maintainer
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to squash and or [rebase](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-rebase) your commits
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before it will be merged. The basic squashing workflow is shown below.
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git checkout your_branch_name
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git rebase -i HEAD~n
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@ -55,67 +87,111 @@ If your pull request is accepted for merging, you may be asked by a maintainer t
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# save and quit
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git push -f # (force push to GitHub)
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The length of time required for peer review is unpredictable and will vary from pull request to pull request.
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The length of time required for peer review is unpredictable and will vary from
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pull request to pull request.
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Pull Request Philosophy
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-----------------------
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Patchsets should always be focused. For example, a pull request could add a feature, fix a bug, or refactor code; but not a mixture. Please also avoid super pull requests which attempt to do too much, are overly large, or overly complex as this makes review difficult.
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Patchsets should always be focused. For example, a pull request could add a
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feature, fix a bug, or refactor code; but not a mixture. Please also avoid super
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pull requests which attempt to do too much, are overly large, or overly complex
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as this makes review difficult.
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###Features
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When adding a new feature, thought must be given to the long term technical debt and maintenance that feature may require after inclusion. Before proposing a new feature that will require maintenance, please consider if you are willing to maintain it (including bug fixing). If features get orphaned with no maintainer in the future, they may be removed by the Repository Maintainer.
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When adding a new feature, thought must be given to the long term technical debt
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and maintenance that feature may require after inclusion. Before proposing a new
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feature that will require maintenance, please consider if you are willing to
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maintain it (including bug fixing). If features get orphaned with no maintainer
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in the future, they may be removed by the Repository Maintainer.
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###Refactoring
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Refactoring is a necessary part of any software project's evolution. The following guidelines cover refactoring pull requests for the project.
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Refactoring is a necessary part of any software project's evolution. The
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following guidelines cover refactoring pull requests for the project.
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There are three categories of refactoring, code only moves, code style fixes, code refactoring. In general refactoring pull requests should not mix these three kinds of activity in order to make refactoring pull requests easy to review and uncontroversial. In all cases, refactoring PRs must not change the behaviour of code within the pull request (bugs must be preserved as is).
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There are three categories of refactoring, code only moves, code style fixes,
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code refactoring. In general refactoring pull requests should not mix these
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three kinds of activity in order to make refactoring pull requests easy to
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review and uncontroversial. In all cases, refactoring PRs must not change the
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behaviour of code within the pull request (bugs must be preserved as is).
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Project maintainers aim for a quick turnaround on refactoring pull requests, so where possible keep them short, uncomplex and easy to verify.
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Project maintainers aim for a quick turnaround on refactoring pull requests, so
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where possible keep them short, uncomplex and easy to verify.
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"Decision Making" Process
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-------------------------
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The following applies to code changes to the Bitcoin Core project (and related projects such as libsecp256k1), and is not to be confused with overall Bitcoin Network Protocol consensus changes.
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The following applies to code changes to the Bitcoin Core project (and related
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projects such as libsecp256k1), and is not to be confused with overall Bitcoin
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Network Protocol consensus changes.
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Whether a pull request is merged into Bitcoin Core rests with the project merge maintainers and ultimately the project lead.
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Whether a pull request is merged into Bitcoin Core rests with the project merge
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maintainers and ultimately the project lead.
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Maintainers will take into consideration if a patch is in line with the general principles of the project; meets the minimum standards for inclusion; and will judge the general consensus of contributors.
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Maintainers will take into consideration if a patch is in line with the general
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principles of the project; meets the minimum standards for inclusion; and will
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judge the general consensus of contributors.
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In general, all pull requests must:
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- have a clear use case, fix a demonstrable bug or serve the greater good of the project (for example refactoring for modularisation);
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- have a clear use case, fix a demonstrable bug or serve the greater good of
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the project (for example refactoring for modularisation);
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- be well peer reviewed;
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- have unit tests and functional tests where appropriate;
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- follow code style guidelines;
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- not break the existing test suite;
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- where bugs are fixed, where possible, there should be unit tests demonstrating the bug and also proving the fix. This helps prevent regression.
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- where bugs are fixed, where possible, there should be unit tests
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demonstrating the bug and also proving the fix. This helps prevent regression.
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Patches that change Bitcoin consensus rules are considerably more involved than normal because they affect the entire ecosystem and so must be preceded by extensive mailing list discussions and have a numbered BIP. While each case will be different, one should be prepared to expend more time and effort than for other kinds of patches because of increased peer review and consensus building requirements.
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Patches that change Bitcoin consensus rules are considerably more involved than
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normal because they affect the entire ecosystem and so must be preceded by
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extensive mailing list discussions and have a numbered BIP. While each case will
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be different, one should be prepared to expend more time and effort than for
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other kinds of patches because of increased peer review and consensus building
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requirements.
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###Peer Review
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Anyone may participate in peer review which is expressed by comments in the pull request. Typically reviewers will review the code for obvious errors, as well as test out the patch set and opine on the technical merits of the patch. Project maintainers take into account the peer review when determining if there is consensus to merge a pull request (remember that discussions may have been spread out over github, mailing list and IRC discussions). The following language is used within pull-request comments:
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Anyone may participate in peer review which is expressed by comments in the pull
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request. Typically reviewers will review the code for obvious errors, as well as
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test out the patch set and opine on the technical merits of the patch. Project
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maintainers take into account the peer review when determining if there is
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consensus to merge a pull request (remember that discussions may have been
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spread out over github, mailing list and IRC discussions). The following
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language is used within pull-request comments:
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- ACK means "I have tested the code and I agree it should be merged";
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- NACK means "I disagree this should be merged", and must be accompanied by sound technical justification. NACKs without accompanying reasoning may be disregarded;
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- utACK means "I have not tested the code, but I have reviewed it and it looks OK, I agree it can be merged";
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- NACK means "I disagree this should be merged", and must be accompanied by
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sound technical justification. NACKs without accompanying reasoning may be disregarded;
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- utACK means "I have not tested the code, but I have reviewed it and it looks
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OK, I agree it can be merged";
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- Concept ACK means "I agree in the general principle of this pull request";
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- Nit refers to trivial, often non-blocking issues.
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Reviewers should include the commit hash which they reviewed in their comments.
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Project maintainers reserve the right to weigh the opinions of peer reviewers using common sense judgement and also may weight based on meritocracy: Those that have demonstrated a deeper commitment and understanding towards the project (over time) or have clear domain expertise may naturally have more weight, as one would expect in all walks of life.
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Project maintainers reserve the right to weigh the opinions of peer reviewers
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using common sense judgement and also may weight based on meritocracy: Those
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that have demonstrated a deeper commitment and understanding towards the project
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(over time) or have clear domain expertise may naturally have more weight, as
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one would expect in all walks of life.
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Where a patch set affects consensus critical code, the bar will be set much higher in terms of discussion and peer review requirements, keeping in mind that mistakes could be very costly to the wider community. This includes refactoring of consensus critical code.
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Where a patch set affects consensus critical code, the bar will be set much
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higher in terms of discussion and peer review requirements, keeping in mind that
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mistakes could be very costly to the wider community. This includes refactoring
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of consensus critical code.
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Where a patch set proposes to change the Bitcoin consensus, it must have been discussed extensively on the mailing list and IRC, be accompanied by a widely discussed BIP and have a generally widely perceived technical consensus of being a worthwhile change based on the judgement of the maintainers.
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Where a patch set proposes to change the Bitcoin consensus, it must have been
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discussed extensively on the mailing list and IRC, be accompanied by a widely
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discussed BIP and have a generally widely perceived technical consensus of being
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a worthwhile change based on the judgement of the maintainers.
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Release Policy
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