Merge #6137: backport: merge bitcoin#21732, #21762, #21754, #21953, #21850, #22633, #22738, #23154, #23721, #24002, #24197, merge bitcoin-core/gui#399 (auxiliary backports: part 14)

1c5ea38c68 merge bitcoin#24197: Replace lock with thread safety annotation in CBlockTreeDB::LoadBlockIndexGuts() (Kittywhiskers Van Gogh) e5e37458bb merge bitcoin#24002: add thread safety lock assertion to WriteBlockIndexDB() (Kittywhiskers Van Gogh) 04a3f65032 merge bitcoin#23721: Move restorewallet() logic to the wallet section (Kittywhiskers Van Gogh) e47d5ac81e merge bitcoin#23154: add assumeutxo notes (Kittywhiskers Van Gogh) 847d866ff5 merge bitcoin#22738: fix failure in feature_nulldummy.py on single-core machines (Kittywhiskers Van Gogh) ad96ef2d25 merge bitcoin#22633: Replace remaining binascii method calls (Kittywhiskers Van Gogh) b37f609fd0 merge bitcoin-core/gui#399: Fix "Load PSBT" functionality when no wallet loaded (Kittywhiskers Van Gogh) 94173f14dd merge bitcoin#21850: Remove `GetDataDir(net_specific)` function (Kittywhiskers Van Gogh) 6264c7b7c7 merge bitcoin#21953: fuzz: Add utxo_snapshot target (Konstantin Akimov) 8b7ea28e80 merge bitcoin#21754: Run feature_cltv with MiniWallet (Kittywhiskers Van Gogh) bd750140be merge bitcoin#21762: Speed up mempool_spend_coinbase.py (Kittywhiskers Van Gogh) 72eeb9a0d6 merge bitcoin#21732: Move common init code to init/common (Kittywhiskers Van Gogh) 3944d4ed96 chore: resolve nit from dash#6085 (blockstorage backports) (Kittywhiskers Van Gogh) 92509e2eee fix: don't suppress `-logtimestamps` help if `HAVE_THREAD_LOCAL` undef (Kittywhiskers Van Gogh) Pull request description: ## Additional Information * Dependency for https://github.com/dashpay/dash/pull/6138 * In [bitcoin#21754](https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/21754), the `scriptSig` padding multiplier (`24`) differs from upstream (`35`) as the `vsize` value it corresponds to must match what is ordinarily generated (`85` vs `96` upstream) in order to fulfill an assertion ([source](d9835515cc/test/functional/test_framework/wallet.py (L107))). * In [bitcoin#21953](https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/21953), the hash associated with height `200` is generated like this (this is the same method used in [dash#5236](https://github.com/dashpay/dash/pull/5236)): * Add the height desired to the `CRegTestParams::m_assumeutxo_data` map with a garbage hash value (like `uint256::ONE`). This is to avoid an unrecognized metadata failure ([source](5211886fb4/src/validation.cpp (L5755-L5761))) caused by looking through the map to see if the height's there. * Change the `LogPrintf(..)` in the serialized hash check error log message located [here](5211886fb4/src/validation.cpp (L5876-L5880)) to a `std::cout << strprintf(..)` * Edit the value of `mineBlocks` [here](5211886fb4/src/test/validation_chainstatemanager_tests.cpp (L248-L253)) to be 100 blocks _less_ than the desired height. * Compile Dash Core and run `./src/test/test_dash -t validation_chainstatemanager_tests` * Take the `got` value printed to your terminal window/`stdout` (the `expected` value should be our garbage value from earlier, ignore that). That's your good hash. * Update the `CRegTestParams::m_assumeutxo_data` map entry with the correct entry, reverse every change _except_ the map entry (for obvious reasons) and the `mineBlocks` change. * Remember to add/update the hash [here](5211886fb4/src/test/validation_tests.cpp (L29-L31)) in `validation_tests`, it simply tests the hardcoded chainparams value with its own hardcoded value. That's also why we don't use this test since it'll just regurgitate the garbage values we give it. * Compile and re-run the test. If it passes, your hash is good. Revert the `mineBlocks` change. * Profit? ## Breaking Changes None expected. ## Checklist: - [x] I have performed a self-review of my own code - [x] I have commented my code, particularly in hard-to-understand areas **(note: N/A)** - [x] I have added or updated relevant unit/integration/functional/e2e tests - [x] I have made corresponding changes to the documentation **(note: N/A)** - [x] I have assigned this pull request to a milestone _(for repository code-owners and collaborators only)_ ACKs for top commit: UdjinM6: utACK 1c5ea38c68 PastaPastaPasta: utACK 1c5ea38c68 Tree-SHA512: 1ce0d4f1cef68990412e2e7046b36db7425059ee41b39e3681fa05d59fe24a0a74ad8c5d833c0e4c0686f693af665ca749e504b88ad30e708fc163045160aa58
2024-12-23 19:12:47 +01:00 · 2024-07-23 13:55:02 -05:00 · 2024-07-23 13:55:02 -05:00 · ef2ad7654f
commit ef2ad7654f
parent 9e0dc0a899 1c5ea38c68
77 changed files with 844 additions and 400 deletions
--- a/contrib/linearize/linearize-data.py
+++ b/contrib/linearize/linearize-data.py
@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ import datetime
 import time
 import glob
 from collections import namedtuple
-from binascii import unhexlify

 settings = {}

@ -324,7 +323,7 @@ if __name__ == '__main__':
    settings['max_out_sz'] = int(settings['max_out_sz'])
    settings['split_timestamp'] = int(settings['split_timestamp'])
    settings['file_timestamp'] = int(settings['file_timestamp'])
-    settings['netmagic'] = unhexlify(settings['netmagic'].encode('utf-8'))
+    settings['netmagic'] = bytes.fromhex(settings['netmagic'])
    settings['out_of_order_cache_sz'] = int(settings['out_of_order_cache_sz'])
    settings['debug_output'] = settings['debug_output'].lower()

--- a/doc/README.md
+++ b/doc/README.md
@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ The Dash Core repo's [root README](/README.md) contains relevant information on

 ### Miscellaneous
 - [Assets Attribution](assets-attribution.md)
+- [Assumeutxo design](assumeutxo.md)
 - [dash.conf Configuration File](dash-conf.md)
 - [CJDNS Support](cjdns.md)
 - [Files](files.md)
--- a/doc/assumeutxo.md
+++ b/doc/assumeutxo.md
@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+# assumeutxo
+
+Assumeutxo is a feature that allows fast bootstrapping of a validating dashd
+instance with a very similar security model to assumevalid.
+
+The RPC commands `dumptxoutset` and `loadtxoutset` are used to respectively generate
+and load UTXO snapshots. The utility script `./contrib/devtools/utxo_snapshot.sh` may
+be of use.
+
+## General background
+
+- [assumeutxo proposal](https://github.com/jamesob/assumeutxo-docs/tree/2019-04-proposal/proposal)
+- [Github issue](https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/issues/15605) (Bitcoin)
+- [draft PR](https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/15606) (Bitcoin)
+
+## Design notes
+
+- A new block index `nStatus` flag is introduced, `BLOCK_ASSUMED_VALID`, to mark block
+  index entries that are required to be assumed-valid by a chainstate created
+  from a UTXO snapshot. This flag is mostly used as a way to modify certain
+  CheckBlockIndex() logic to account for index entries that are pending validation by a
+  chainstate running asynchronously in the background. We also use this flag to control
+  which index entries are added to setBlockIndexCandidates during LoadBlockIndex().
+
+- Indexing implementations via BaseIndex can no longer assume that indexation happens
+  sequentially, since background validation chainstates can submit BlockConnected
+  events out of order with the active chain.
+
+- The concept of UTXO snapshots is treated as an implementation detail that lives
+  behind the ChainstateManager interface. The external presentation of the changes
+  required to facilitate the use of UTXO snapshots is the understanding that there are
+  now certain regions of the chain that can be temporarily assumed to be valid (using
+  the nStatus flag mentioned above). In certain cases, e.g. wallet rescanning, this is
+  very similar to dealing with a pruned chain.
+
+  Logic outside ChainstateManager should try not to know about snapshots, instead
+  preferring to work in terms of more general states like assumed-valid.
+
+
+## Chainstate phases
+
+Chainstate within the system goes through a number of phases when UTXO snapshots are
+used, as managed by `ChainstateManager`. At various points there can be multiple
+`CChainState` objects in existence to facilitate both maintaining the network tip and
+performing historical validation of the assumed-valid chain.
+
+It is worth noting that though there are multiple separate chainstates, those
+chainstates share use of a common block index (i.e. they hold the same `BlockManager`
+reference).
+
+The subheadings below outline the phases and the corresponding changes to chainstate
+data.
+
+### "Normal" operation via initial block download
+
+`ChainstateManager` manages a single CChainState object, for which
+`m_snapshot_blockhash` is null. This chainstate is (maybe obviously)
+considered active. This is the "traditional" mode of operation for dashd.
+
+|    |    |
+| ---------- | ----------- |
+| number of chainstates | 1 |
+| active chainstate | ibd |
+
+### User loads a UTXO snapshot via `loadtxoutset` RPC
+
+`ChainstateManager` initializes a new chainstate (see `ActivateSnapshot()`) to load the
+snapshot contents into. During snapshot load and validation (see
+`PopulateAndValidateSnapshot()`), the new chainstate is not considered active and the
+original chainstate remains in use as active.
+
+|    |    |
+| ---------- | ----------- |
+| number of chainstates | 2 |
+| active chainstate | ibd |
+
+Once the snapshot chainstate is loaded and validated, it is promoted to active
+chainstate and a sync to tip begins. A new chainstate directory is created in the
+datadir for the snapshot chainstate called
+`chainstate_[SHA256 blockhash of snapshot base block]`.
+
+|    |    |
+| ---------- | ----------- |
+| number of chainstates | 2 |
+| active chainstate | snapshot |
+
+The snapshot begins to sync to tip from its base block, technically in parallel with
+the original chainstate, but it is given priority during block download and is
+allocated most of the cache (see `MaybeRebalanceCaches()` and usages) as our chief
+consideration is getting to network tip.
+
+**Failure consideration:** if shutdown happens at any point during this phase, both
+chainstates will be detected during the next init and the process will resume.
+
+### Snapshot chainstate hits network tip
+
+Once the snapshot chainstate leaves IBD, caches are rebalanced
+(via `MaybeRebalanceCaches()` in `ActivateBestChain()`) and more cache is given
+to the background chainstate, which is responsible for doing full validation of the
+assumed-valid parts of the chain.
+
+**Note:** at this point, ValidationInterface callbacks will be coming in from both
+chainstates. Considerations here must be made for indexing, which may no longer be happening
+sequentially.
+
+### Background chainstate hits snapshot base block
+
+Once the tip of the background chainstate hits the base block of the snapshot
+chainstate, we stop use of the background chainstate by setting `m_stop_use` (not yet
+committed - see bitcoin#15606), in `CompleteSnapshotValidation()`, which is checked in
+`ActivateBestChain()`). We hash the background chainstate's UTXO set contents and
+ensure it matches the compiled value in `CMainParams::m_assumeutxo_data`.
+
+The background chainstate data lingers on disk until shutdown, when in
+`ChainstateManager::Reset()`, the background chainstate is cleaned up with
+`ValidatedSnapshotShutdownCleanup()`, which renames the `chainstate_[hash]` datadir as
+`chainstate`.
+
+|    |    |
+| ---------- | ----------- |
+| number of chainstates | 2 (ibd has `m_stop_use=true`) |
+| active chainstate | snapshot |
+
+**Failure consideration:** if dashd unexpectedly halts after `m_stop_use` is set on
+the background chainstate but before `CompleteSnapshotValidation()` can finish, the
+need to complete snapshot validation will be detected on subsequent init by
+`ChainstateManager::CheckForUncleanShutdown()`.
+
+### Dashd restarts sometime after snapshot validation has completed
+
+When dashd initializes again, what began as the snapshot chainstate is now
+indistinguishable from a chainstate that has been built from the traditional IBD
+process, and will be initialized as such.
+
+|    |    |
+| ---------- | ----------- |
+| number of chainstates | 1 |
+| active chainstate | ibd |
--- a/share/rpcauth/rpcauth.py
+++ b/share/rpcauth/rpcauth.py
@ -5,7 +5,6 @@

 from argparse import ArgumentParser
 from base64 import urlsafe_b64encode
-from binascii import hexlify
 from getpass import getpass
 from os import urandom

@ -13,7 +12,7 @@ import hmac

 def generate_salt(size):
    """Create size byte hex salt"""
-    return hexlify(urandom(size)).decode()
+    return urandom(size).hex()

 def generate_password():
    """Create 32 byte b64 password"""
--- a/src/Makefile.am
+++ b/src/Makefile.am
@ -216,6 +216,7 @@ BITCOIN_CORE_H = \
  index/txindex.h \
  indirectmap.h \
  init.h \
+  init/common.h \
  interfaces/chain.h \
  interfaces/coinjoin.h \
  interfaces/handler.h \
@ -731,6 +732,7 @@ libbitcoin_common_a_SOURCES = \
  core_write.cpp \
  deploymentinfo.cpp \
  governance/common.cpp \
+  init/common.cpp \
  key.cpp \
  key_io.cpp \
  merkleblock.cpp \
--- a/src/Makefile.test.include
+++ b/src/Makefile.test.include
@ -331,6 +331,7 @@ test_fuzz_fuzz_SOURCES = \
  test/fuzz/tx_in.cpp \
  test/fuzz/tx_out.cpp \
  test/fuzz/tx_pool.cpp \
+  test/fuzz/utxo_snapshot.cpp \
  test/fuzz/validation_load_mempool.cpp \
  test/fuzz/versionbits.cpp
 endif # ENABLE_FUZZ_BINARY
--- a/src/addrdb.cpp
+++ b/src/addrdb.cpp
@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ bool SerializeFileDB(const std::string& prefix, const fs::path& path, const Data
    std::string tmpfn = strprintf("%s.%04x", prefix, randv);

    // open temp output file, and associate with CAutoFile
-    fs::path pathTmp = GetDataDir() / tmpfn;
+    fs::path pathTmp = gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / tmpfn;
    FILE *file = fsbridge::fopen(pathTmp, "wb");
    CAutoFile fileout(file, SER_DISK, version);
    if (fileout.IsNull()) {
@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ bool CBanDB::Read(banmap_t& banSet)

 bool DumpPeerAddresses(const ArgsManager& args, const AddrMan& addr)
 {
-    const auto pathAddr = GetDataDir() / "peers.dat";
+    const auto pathAddr = gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / "peers.dat";
    return SerializeFileDB("peers", pathAddr, addr, CLIENT_VERSION);
 }

@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ std::optional<bilingual_str> LoadAddrman(const std::vector<bool>& asmap, const A
    addrman = std::make_unique<AddrMan>(asmap, /* deterministic */ false, /* consistency_check_ratio */ check_addrman);

    int64_t nStart = GetTimeMillis();
-    const auto path_addr{GetDataDir() / "peers.dat"};
+    const auto path_addr{gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / "peers.dat"};
    try {
        DeserializeFileDB(path_addr, *addrman, CLIENT_VERSION);
        LogPrintf("Loaded %i addresses from peers.dat  %dms\n", addrman->size(), GetTimeMillis() - nStart);
--- a/src/chainparams.cpp
+++ b/src/chainparams.cpp
@ -901,8 +901,8 @@ public:
                {AssumeutxoHash{uint256S("0x9b2a277a3e3b979f1a539d57e949495d7f8247312dbc32bce6619128c192b44b")}, 110},
            },
            {
-                210,
-                {AssumeutxoHash{uint256S("0xd4c97d32882583b057efc3dce673e44204851435e6ffcef20346e69cddc7c91e")}, 210},
+                200,
+                {AssumeutxoHash{uint256S("0x8a5bdd92252fc6b24663244bbe958c947bb036dc1f94ccd15439f48d8d1cb4e3")}, 200},
            },
        };

--- a/src/coinjoin/client.cpp
+++ b/src/coinjoin/client.cpp
@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ void CCoinJoinClientManager::ProcessMessage(CNode& peer, CChainState& active_cha
    if (!CCoinJoinClientOptions::IsEnabled()) return;
    if (!m_mn_sync.IsBlockchainSynced()) return;

-    if (!CheckDiskSpace(GetDataDir())) {
+    if (!CheckDiskSpace(gArgs.GetDataDirNet())) {
        ResetPool();
        StopMixing();
        WalletCJLogPrint(m_wallet, "CCoinJoinClientManager::ProcessMessage -- Not enough disk space, disabling CoinJoin.\n");
@ -460,7 +460,7 @@ bool CCoinJoinClientSession::SendDenominate(const std::vector<std::pair<CTxDSIn,
        return false;
    }

-    if (!CheckDiskSpace(GetDataDir())) {
+    if (!CheckDiskSpace(gArgs.GetDataDirNet())) {
        UnlockCoins();
        keyHolderStorage.ReturnAll();
        WITH_LOCK(cs_coinjoin, SetNull());
--- a/src/evo/evodb.cpp
+++ b/src/evo/evodb.cpp
@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ void CEvoDBScopedCommitter::Rollback()
 }

 CEvoDB::CEvoDB(size_t nCacheSize, bool fMemory, bool fWipe) :
-    db(fMemory ? "" : (GetDataDir() / "evodb"), nCacheSize, fMemory, fWipe),
+    db(fMemory ? "" : (gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / "evodb"), nCacheSize, fMemory, fWipe),
    rootBatch(db),
    rootDBTransaction(db, rootBatch),
    curDBTransaction(rootDBTransaction, rootDBTransaction)
--- a/src/flat-database.h
+++ b/src/flat-database.h
@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ private:
 public:
    CFlatDB(std::string strFilenameIn, std::string strMagicMessageIn)
    {
-        pathDB = GetDataDir() / strFilenameIn;
+        pathDB = gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / strFilenameIn;
        strFilename = strFilenameIn;
        strMagicMessage = strMagicMessageIn;
    }
--- a/src/index/blockfilterindex.cpp
+++ b/src/index/blockfilterindex.cpp
@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ BlockFilterIndex::BlockFilterIndex(BlockFilterType filter_type,
    const std::string& filter_name = BlockFilterTypeName(filter_type);
    if (filter_name.empty()) throw std::invalid_argument("unknown filter_type");

-    fs::path path = GetDataDir() / "indexes" / "blockfilter" / filter_name;
+    fs::path path = gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / "indexes" / "blockfilter" / filter_name;
    fs::create_directories(path);

    m_name = filter_name + " block filter index";
--- a/src/index/coinstatsindex.cpp
+++ b/src/index/coinstatsindex.cpp
@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ std::unique_ptr<CoinStatsIndex> g_coin_stats_index;

 CoinStatsIndex::CoinStatsIndex(size_t n_cache_size, bool f_memory, bool f_wipe)
 {
-    fs::path path{GetDataDir() / "indexes" / "coinstats"};
+    fs::path path{gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / "indexes" / "coinstats"};
    fs::create_directories(path);

    m_db = std::make_unique<CoinStatsIndex::DB>(path / "db", n_cache_size, f_memory, f_wipe);
--- a/src/index/txindex.cpp
+++ b/src/index/txindex.cpp
@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ public:
 };

 TxIndex::DB::DB(size_t n_cache_size, bool f_memory, bool f_wipe) :
-    BaseIndex::DB(GetDataDir() / "indexes" / "txindex", n_cache_size, f_memory, f_wipe)
+    BaseIndex::DB(gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / "indexes" / "txindex", n_cache_size, f_memory, f_wipe)
 {}

 bool TxIndex::DB::ReadTxPos(const uint256 &txid, CDiskTxPos& pos) const
--- a/src/init.cpp
+++ b/src/init.cpp
@ -24,12 +24,12 @@
 #include <hash.h>
 #include <httpserver.h>
 #include <httprpc.h>
+#include <init/common.h>
 #include <interfaces/chain.h>
 #include <index/blockfilterindex.h>
 #include <index/coinstatsindex.h>
 #include <index/txindex.h>
 #include <interfaces/node.h>
-#include <key.h>
 #include <mapport.h>
 #include <miner.h>
 #include <net.h>
@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ void Shutdown(NodeContext& node)
        PrepareShutdown(node);
    }
    // Shutdown part 2: delete wallet instance
-    ECC_Stop();
+    init::UnsetGlobals();
    node.mempool.reset();
    node.fee_estimator.reset();
    node.chainman.reset();
@ -489,6 +489,8 @@ void SetupServerArgs(NodeContext& node)
    SetupHelpOptions(argsman);
    argsman.AddArg("-help-debug", "Print help message with debugging options and exit", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);

+    init::AddLoggingArgs(argsman);
+
    const auto defaultBaseParams = CreateBaseChainParams(CBaseChainParams::MAIN);
    const auto testnetBaseParams = CreateBaseChainParams(CBaseChainParams::TESTNET);
    const auto regtestBaseParams = CreateBaseChainParams(CBaseChainParams::REGTEST);
@ -523,7 +525,6 @@ void SetupServerArgs(NodeContext& node)
    argsman.AddArg("-datadir=<dir>", "Specify data directory", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
    argsman.AddArg("-dbbatchsize", strprintf("Maximum database write batch size in bytes (default: %u)", nDefaultDbBatchSize), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
    argsman.AddArg("-dbcache=<n>", strprintf("Maximum database cache size <n> MiB (%d to %d, default: %d). In addition, unused mempool memory is shared for this cache (see -maxmempool).", nMinDbCache, nMaxDbCache, nDefaultDbCache), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
-    argsman.AddArg("-debuglogfile=<file>", strprintf("Specify location of debug log file. Relative paths will be prefixed by a net-specific datadir location. (-nodebuglogfile to disable; default: %s)", DEFAULT_DEBUGLOGFILE), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
    argsman.AddArg("-includeconf=<file>", "Specify additional configuration file, relative to the -datadir path (only useable from configuration file, not command line)", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
    argsman.AddArg("-loadblock=<file>", "Imports blocks from external file on startup", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
    argsman.AddArg("-maxmempool=<n>", strprintf("Keep the transaction memory pool below <n> megabytes (default: %u)", DEFAULT_MAX_MEMPOOL_SIZE), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
@ -714,27 +715,13 @@ void SetupServerArgs(NodeContext& node)
    argsman.AddArg("-watchquorums=<n>", strprintf("Watch and validate quorum communication (default: %u)", llmq::DEFAULT_WATCH_QUORUMS), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
    argsman.AddArg("-addrmantest", "Allows to test address relay on localhost", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
    argsman.AddArg("-capturemessages", "Capture all P2P messages to disk", ArgsManager::ALLOW_BOOL | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
-    argsman.AddArg("-debug=<category>", "Output debugging information (default: -nodebug, supplying <category> is optional). "
-        "If <category> is not supplied or if <category> = 1, output all debugging information. <category> can be: " + LogInstance().LogCategoriesString() + ". This option can be specified multiple times to output multiple categories.", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
-    argsman.AddArg("-debugexclude=<category>", strprintf("Exclude debugging information for a category. Can be used in conjunction with -debug=1 to output debug logs for all categories except the specified category. This option can be specified multiple times to exclude multiple categories."), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
    argsman.AddArg("-disablegovernance", strprintf("Disable governance validation (0-1, default: %u)", 0), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
-    argsman.AddArg("-logips", strprintf("Include IP addresses in debug output (default: %u)", DEFAULT_LOGIPS), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
-    argsman.AddArg("-logsourcelocations", strprintf("Prepend debug output with name of the originating source location (source file, line number and function name) (default: %u)", DEFAULT_LOGSOURCELOCATIONS), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
-    argsman.AddArg("-logtimemicros", strprintf("Add microsecond precision to debug timestamps (default: %u)", DEFAULT_LOGTIMEMICROS), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
-#ifdef HAVE_THREAD_LOCAL
-    argsman.AddArg("-logtimestamps", strprintf("Prepend debug output with timestamp (default: %u)", DEFAULT_LOGTIMESTAMPS), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
-#else
-    hidden_args.emplace_back("-logthreadnames");
-#endif
-    argsman.AddArg("-logthreadnames", strprintf("Prepend debug output with name of the originating thread (only available on platforms supporting thread_local) (default: %u)", DEFAULT_LOGTHREADNAMES), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
    argsman.AddArg("-maxsigcachesize=<n>", strprintf("Limit sum of signature cache and script execution cache sizes to <n> MiB (default: %u)", DEFAULT_MAX_SIG_CACHE_SIZE), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
    argsman.AddArg("-maxtipage=<n>", strprintf("Maximum tip age in seconds to consider node in initial block download (default: %u)", DEFAULT_MAX_TIP_AGE), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
    argsman.AddArg("-mocktime=<n>", "Replace actual time with " + UNIX_EPOCH_TIME + "(default: 0)", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
    argsman.AddArg("-minsporkkeys=<n>", "Overrides minimum spork signers to change spork value. Only useful for regtest and devnet. Using this on mainnet or testnet will ban you.", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
    argsman.AddArg("-printpriority", strprintf("Log transaction fee per kB when mining blocks (default: %u)", DEFAULT_PRINTPRIORITY), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
-    argsman.AddArg("-printtoconsole", "Send trace/debug info to console (default: 1 when no -daemon. To disable logging to file, set -nodebuglogfile)", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
    argsman.AddArg("-pushversion", "Protocol version to report to other nodes", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
-    argsman.AddArg("-shrinkdebugfile", "Shrink debug.log file on client startup (default: 1 when no -debug)", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
    argsman.AddArg("-sporkaddr=<dashaddress>", "Override spork address. Only useful for regtest and devnet. Using this on mainnet or testnet will ban you.", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
    argsman.AddArg("-sporkkey=<privatekey>", "Set the private key to be used for signing spork messages.", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::SENSITIVE, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
    argsman.AddArg("-uacomment=<cmt>", "Append comment to the user agent string", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
@ -893,31 +880,6 @@ static void PeriodicStats(ArgsManager& args, ChainstateManager& chainman, const
    }
 }

-/** Sanity checks
- *  Ensure that Dash Core is running in a usable environment with all
- *  necessary library support.
- */
-static bool InitSanityCheck()
-{
-    if (!ECC_InitSanityCheck()) {
-        return InitError(Untranslated("Elliptic curve cryptography sanity check failure. Aborting."));
-    }
-
-    if (!BLSInit()) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    if (!Random_SanityCheck()) {
-        return InitError(Untranslated("OS cryptographic RNG sanity check failure. Aborting."));
-    }
-
-    if (!ChronoSanityCheck()) {
-        return InitError(Untranslated("Clock epoch mismatch. Aborting."));
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
 static bool AppInitServers(NodeContext& node)
 {
    const ArgsManager& args = *Assert(node.args);
@ -1040,25 +1002,8 @@ void InitParameterInteraction(ArgsManager& args)
 */
 void InitLogging(const ArgsManager& args)
 {
-    LogInstance().m_print_to_file = !args.IsArgNegated("-debuglogfile");
-    LogInstance().m_file_path = AbsPathForConfigVal(args.GetArg("-debuglogfile", DEFAULT_DEBUGLOGFILE));
-    LogInstance().m_print_to_console = args.GetBoolArg("-printtoconsole", !args.GetBoolArg("-daemon", false));
-    LogInstance().m_log_timestamps = args.GetBoolArg("-logtimestamps", DEFAULT_LOGTIMESTAMPS);
-    LogInstance().m_log_time_micros = args.GetBoolArg("-logtimemicros", DEFAULT_LOGTIMEMICROS);
-#ifdef HAVE_THREAD_LOCAL
-    LogInstance().m_log_threadnames = args.GetBoolArg("-logthreadnames", DEFAULT_LOGTHREADNAMES);
-#endif
-    LogInstance().m_log_sourcelocations = args.GetBoolArg("-logsourcelocations", DEFAULT_LOGSOURCELOCATIONS);
-
-    fLogIPs = args.GetBoolArg("-logips", DEFAULT_LOGIPS);
-
-    std::string version_string = FormatFullVersion();
-#ifdef DEBUG_CORE
-    version_string += " (debug build)";
-#else
-    version_string += " (release build)";
-#endif
-    LogPrintf(PACKAGE_NAME " version %s\n", version_string);
+    init::SetLoggingOptions(args);
+    init::LogPackageVersion();
 }

 namespace { // Variables internal to initialization process only
@ -1248,26 +1193,7 @@ bool AppInitParameterInteraction(const ArgsManager& args)
        InitWarning(strprintf(_("Reducing -maxconnections from %d to %d, because of system limitations."), nUserMaxConnections, nMaxConnections));

    // ********************************************************* Step 3: parameter-to-internal-flags
-    if (args.IsArgSet("-debug")) {
-        // Special-case: if -debug=0/-nodebug is set, turn off debugging messages
-        const std::vector<std::string> categories = args.GetArgs("-debug");
-
-        if (std::none_of(categories.begin(), categories.end(),
-            [](std::string cat){return cat == "0" || cat == "none";})) {
-            for (const auto& cat : categories) {
-                if (!LogInstance().EnableCategory(cat)) {
-                    InitWarning(strprintf(_("Unsupported logging category %s=%s."), "-debug", cat));
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Now remove the logging categories which were explicitly excluded
-    for (const std::string& cat : args.GetArgs("-debugexclude")) {
-        if (!LogInstance().DisableCategory(cat)) {
-            InitWarning(strprintf(_("Unsupported logging category %s=%s."), "-debugexclude", cat));
-        }
-    }
+    init::SetLoggingCategories(args);

    fCheckBlockIndex = args.GetBoolArg("-checkblockindex", chainparams.DefaultConsistencyChecks());
    fCheckpointsEnabled = args.GetBoolArg("-checkpoints", DEFAULT_CHECKPOINTS_ENABLED);
@ -1441,7 +1367,7 @@ bool AppInitParameterInteraction(const ArgsManager& args)
 static bool LockDataDirectory(bool probeOnly)
 {
    // Make sure only a single Dash Core process is using the data directory.
-    fs::path datadir = GetDataDir();
+    fs::path datadir = gArgs.GetDataDirNet();
    if (!DirIsWritable(datadir)) {
        return InitError(strprintf(_("Cannot write to data directory '%s'; check permissions."), datadir.string()));
    }
@ -1455,15 +1381,11 @@ bool AppInitSanityChecks()
 {
    // ********************************************************* Step 4: sanity checks

-    // Initialize elliptic curve code
-    std::string sha256_algo = SHA256AutoDetect();
-    LogPrintf("Using the '%s' SHA256 implementation\n", sha256_algo);
-    RandomInit();
-    ECC_Start();
+    init::SetGlobals();

-    // Sanity check
-    if (!InitSanityCheck())
+    if (!init::SanityChecks()) {
        return InitError(strprintf(_("Initialization sanity check failed. %s is shutting down."), PACKAGE_NAME));
+    }

    // Probe the data directory lock to give an early error message, if possible
    // We cannot hold the data directory lock here, as the forking for daemon() hasn't yet happened,
@ -1503,37 +1425,10 @@ bool AppInitMain(NodeContext& node, interfaces::BlockAndHeaderTipInfo* tip_info)
        // Detailed error printed inside CreatePidFile().
        return false;
    }
-    if (LogInstance().m_print_to_file) {
-        if (args.GetBoolArg("-shrinkdebugfile", LogInstance().DefaultShrinkDebugFile())) {
-            // Do this first since it both loads a bunch of debug.log into memory,
-            // and because this needs to happen before any other debug.log printing
-            LogInstance().ShrinkDebugFile();
-        }
+    if (!init::StartLogging(args)) {
+        // Detailed error printed inside StartLogging().
+        return false;
    }
-    if (!LogInstance().StartLogging()) {
-        return InitError(strprintf(Untranslated("Could not open debug log file %s"),
-            LogInstance().m_file_path.string()));
-    }
-
-    if (!LogInstance().m_log_timestamps)
-        LogPrintf("Startup time: %s\n", FormatISO8601DateTime(GetTime()));
-    LogPrintf("Default data directory %s\n", GetDefaultDataDir().string());
-    LogPrintf("Using data directory %s\n", GetDataDir().string());
-
-    // Only log conf file usage message if conf file actually exists.
-    fs::path config_file_path = GetConfigFile(args.GetArg("-conf", BITCOIN_CONF_FILENAME));
-    if (fs::exists(config_file_path)) {
-        LogPrintf("Config file: %s\n", config_file_path.string());
-    } else if (args.IsArgSet("-conf")) {
-        // Warn if no conf file exists at path provided by user
-        InitWarning(strprintf(_("The specified config file %s does not exist"), config_file_path.string()));
-    } else {
-        // Not categorizing as "Warning" because it's the default behavior
-        LogPrintf("Config file: %s (not found, skipping)\n", config_file_path.string());
-    }
-
-    // Log the config arguments to debug.log
-    args.LogArgs();

    LogPrintf("Using at most %i automatic connections (%i file descriptors available)\n", nMaxConnections, nFD);

@ -1636,7 +1531,7 @@ bool AppInitMain(NodeContext& node, interfaces::BlockAndHeaderTipInfo* tip_info)
                asmap_path = DEFAULT_ASMAP_FILENAME;
            }
            if (!asmap_path.is_absolute()) {
-                asmap_path = GetDataDir() / asmap_path;
+                asmap_path = gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / asmap_path;
            }
            if (!fs::exists(asmap_path)) {
                InitError(strprintf(_("Could not find asmap file %s"), asmap_path));
@ -1660,7 +1555,7 @@ bool AppInitMain(NodeContext& node, interfaces::BlockAndHeaderTipInfo* tip_info)
    }

    assert(!node.banman);
-    node.banman = std::make_unique<BanMan>(GetDataDir() / "banlist", &uiInterface, args.GetArg("-bantime", DEFAULT_MISBEHAVING_BANTIME));
+    node.banman = std::make_unique<BanMan>(gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / "banlist", &uiInterface, args.GetArg("-bantime", DEFAULT_MISBEHAVING_BANTIME));
    assert(!node.connman);
    node.connman = std::make_unique<CConnman>(GetRand(std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max()), GetRand(std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max()), *node.addrman, args.GetBoolArg("-networkactive", true));

@ -1878,7 +1773,7 @@ bool AppInitMain(NodeContext& node, interfaces::BlockAndHeaderTipInfo* tip_info)
    // ********************************************************* Step 7a: Load sporks

    if (!node.sporkman->LoadCache()) {
-        auto file_path = (GetDataDir() / "sporks.dat").string();
+        auto file_path = (gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / "sporks.dat").string();
        return InitError(strprintf(_("Failed to load sporks cache from %s"), file_path));
    }

@ -2233,7 +2128,7 @@ bool AppInitMain(NodeContext& node, interfaces::BlockAndHeaderTipInfo* tip_info)
    bool fLoadCacheFiles = !(fReindex || fReindexChainState) && (chainman.ActiveChain().Tip() != nullptr);

    if (!node.netfulfilledman->LoadCache(fLoadCacheFiles)) {
-        auto file_path = (GetDataDir() / "netfulfilled.dat").string();
+        auto file_path = (gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / "netfulfilled.dat").string();
        if (fLoadCacheFiles) {
            return InitError(strprintf(_("Failed to load fulfilled requests cache from %s"), file_path));
        }
@ -2241,7 +2136,7 @@ bool AppInitMain(NodeContext& node, interfaces::BlockAndHeaderTipInfo* tip_info)
    }

    if (!node.mn_metaman->LoadCache(fLoadCacheFiles)) {
-        auto file_path = (GetDataDir() / "mncache.dat").string();
+        auto file_path = (gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / "mncache.dat").string();
        if (fLoadCacheFiles) {
            return InitError(strprintf(_("Failed to load masternode cache from %s"), file_path));
        }
@ -2250,7 +2145,7 @@ bool AppInitMain(NodeContext& node, interfaces::BlockAndHeaderTipInfo* tip_info)

    if (is_governance_enabled) {
        if (!node.govman->LoadCache(fLoadCacheFiles)) {
-            auto file_path = (GetDataDir() / "governance.dat").string();
+            auto file_path = (gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / "governance.dat").string();
            if (fLoadCacheFiles) {
                return InitError(strprintf(_("Failed to load governance cache from %s"), file_path));
            }
@ -2347,8 +2242,8 @@ bool AppInitMain(NodeContext& node, interfaces::BlockAndHeaderTipInfo* tip_info)

    // ********************************************************* Step 11: import blocks

-    if (!CheckDiskSpace(GetDataDir())) {
-        InitError(strprintf(_("Error: Disk space is low for %s"), GetDataDir()));
+    if (!CheckDiskSpace(gArgs.GetDataDirNet())) {
+        InitError(strprintf(_("Error: Disk space is low for %s"), gArgs.GetDataDirNet()));
        return false;
    }
    if (!CheckDiskSpace(gArgs.GetBlocksDirPath())) {
--- a/src/init/common.cpp
+++ b/src/init/common.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2021 The Bitcoin Core developers
+// Distributed under the MIT software license, see the accompanying
+// file COPYING or http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php.
+
+#if defined(HAVE_CONFIG_H)
+#include <config/bitcoin-config.h>
+#endif
+
+#include <bls/bls.h>
+#include <clientversion.h>
+#include <crypto/sha256.h>
+#include <key.h>
+#include <logging.h>
+#include <node/ui_interface.h>
+#include <pubkey.h>
+#include <random.h>
+#include <util/system.h>
+#include <util/time.h>
+#include <util/translation.h>
+
+#include <memory>
+
+namespace init {
+void SetGlobals()
+{
+    std::string sha256_algo = SHA256AutoDetect();
+    LogPrintf("Using the '%s' SHA256 implementation\n", sha256_algo);
+    RandomInit();
+    ECC_Start();
+}
+
+void UnsetGlobals()
+{
+    ECC_Stop();
+}
+
+bool SanityChecks()
+{
+    if (!ECC_InitSanityCheck()) {
+        return InitError(Untranslated("Elliptic curve cryptography sanity check failure. Aborting."));
+    }
+
+    if (!BLSInit()) {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (!Random_SanityCheck()) {
+        return InitError(Untranslated("OS cryptographic RNG sanity check failure. Aborting."));
+    }
+
+    if (!ChronoSanityCheck()) {
+        return InitError(Untranslated("Clock epoch mismatch. Aborting."));
+    }
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+void AddLoggingArgs(ArgsManager& argsman)
+{
+    argsman.AddArg("-debuglogfile=<file>", strprintf("Specify location of debug log file. Relative paths will be prefixed by a net-specific datadir location. (-nodebuglogfile to disable; default: %s)", DEFAULT_DEBUGLOGFILE), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
+    argsman.AddArg("-debug=<category>", "Output debugging information (default: -nodebug, supplying <category> is optional). "
+        "If <category> is not supplied or if <category> = 1, output all debugging information. <category> can be: " + LogInstance().LogCategoriesString() + ". This option can be specified multiple times to output multiple categories.",
+        ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
+    argsman.AddArg("-debugexclude=<category>", strprintf("Exclude debugging information for a category. Can be used in conjunction with -debug=1 to output debug logs for all categories except the specified category. This option can be specified multiple times to exclude multiple categories."), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
+    argsman.AddArg("-logips", strprintf("Include IP addresses in debug output (default: %u)", DEFAULT_LOGIPS), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
+    argsman.AddArg("-logtimestamps", strprintf("Prepend debug output with timestamp (default: %u)", DEFAULT_LOGTIMESTAMPS), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
+#ifdef HAVE_THREAD_LOCAL
+    argsman.AddArg("-logthreadnames", strprintf("Prepend debug output with name of the originating thread (only available on platforms supporting thread_local) (default: %u)", DEFAULT_LOGTHREADNAMES), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
+#else
+    argsman.AddHiddenArgs({"-logthreadnames"});
+#endif
+    argsman.AddArg("-logsourcelocations", strprintf("Prepend debug output with name of the originating source location (source file, line number and function name) (default: %u)", DEFAULT_LOGSOURCELOCATIONS), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
+    argsman.AddArg("-logtimemicros", strprintf("Add microsecond precision to debug timestamps (default: %u)", DEFAULT_LOGTIMEMICROS), ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY | ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
+    argsman.AddArg("-printtoconsole", "Send trace/debug info to console (default: 1 when no -daemon. To disable logging to file, set -nodebuglogfile)", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
+    argsman.AddArg("-shrinkdebugfile", "Shrink debug.log file on client startup (default: 1 when no -debug)", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST);
+}
+
+void SetLoggingOptions(const ArgsManager& args)
+{
+    LogInstance().m_print_to_file = !args.IsArgNegated("-debuglogfile");
+    LogInstance().m_file_path = AbsPathForConfigVal(args.GetArg("-debuglogfile", DEFAULT_DEBUGLOGFILE));
+    LogInstance().m_print_to_console = args.GetBoolArg("-printtoconsole", !args.GetBoolArg("-daemon", false));
+    LogInstance().m_log_timestamps = args.GetBoolArg("-logtimestamps", DEFAULT_LOGTIMESTAMPS);
+    LogInstance().m_log_time_micros = args.GetBoolArg("-logtimemicros", DEFAULT_LOGTIMEMICROS);
+#ifdef HAVE_THREAD_LOCAL
+    LogInstance().m_log_threadnames = args.GetBoolArg("-logthreadnames", DEFAULT_LOGTHREADNAMES);
+#endif
+    LogInstance().m_log_sourcelocations = args.GetBoolArg("-logsourcelocations", DEFAULT_LOGSOURCELOCATIONS);
+
+    fLogIPs = args.GetBoolArg("-logips", DEFAULT_LOGIPS);
+}
+
+void SetLoggingCategories(const ArgsManager& args)
+{
+    if (args.IsArgSet("-debug")) {
+        // Special-case: if -debug=0/-nodebug is set, turn off debugging messages
+        const std::vector<std::string> categories = args.GetArgs("-debug");
+
+        if (std::none_of(categories.begin(), categories.end(),
+            [](std::string cat){return cat == "0" || cat == "none";})) {
+            for (const auto& cat : categories) {
+                if (!LogInstance().EnableCategory(cat)) {
+                    InitWarning(strprintf(_("Unsupported logging category %s=%s."), "-debug", cat));
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Now remove the logging categories which were explicitly excluded
+    for (const std::string& cat : args.GetArgs("-debugexclude")) {
+        if (!LogInstance().DisableCategory(cat)) {
+            InitWarning(strprintf(_("Unsupported logging category %s=%s."), "-debugexclude", cat));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+bool StartLogging(const ArgsManager& args)
+{
+    if (LogInstance().m_print_to_file) {
+        if (args.GetBoolArg("-shrinkdebugfile", LogInstance().DefaultShrinkDebugFile())) {
+            // Do this first since it both loads a bunch of debug.log into memory,
+            // and because this needs to happen before any other debug.log printing
+            LogInstance().ShrinkDebugFile();
+        }
+    }
+    if (!LogInstance().StartLogging()) {
+            return InitError(strprintf(Untranslated("Could not open debug log file %s"),
+                LogInstance().m_file_path.string()));
+    }
+
+    if (!LogInstance().m_log_timestamps)
+        LogPrintf("Startup time: %s\n", FormatISO8601DateTime(GetTime()));
+    LogPrintf("Default data directory %s\n", GetDefaultDataDir().string());
+    LogPrintf("Using data directory %s\n", gArgs.GetDataDirNet().string());
+
+    // Only log conf file usage message if conf file actually exists.
+    fs::path config_file_path = GetConfigFile(args.GetArg("-conf", BITCOIN_CONF_FILENAME));
+    if (fs::exists(config_file_path)) {
+        LogPrintf("Config file: %s\n", config_file_path.string());
+    } else if (args.IsArgSet("-conf")) {
+        // Warn if no conf file exists at path provided by user
+        InitWarning(strprintf(_("The specified config file %s does not exist"), config_file_path.string()));
+    } else {
+        // Not categorizing as "Warning" because it's the default behavior
+        LogPrintf("Config file: %s (not found, skipping)\n", config_file_path.string());
+    }
+
+    // Log the config arguments to debug.log
+    args.LogArgs();
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+void LogPackageVersion()
+{
+    std::string version_string = FormatFullVersion();
+#ifdef DEBUG_CORE
+    version_string += " (debug build)";
+#else
+    version_string += " (release build)";
+#endif
+    LogPrintf(PACKAGE_NAME " version %s\n", version_string);
+}
+} // namespace init
--- a/src/init/common.h
+++ b/src/init/common.h
@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2021 The Bitcoin Core developers
+// Distributed under the MIT software license, see the accompanying
+// file COPYING or http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php.
+
+//! @file
+//! @brief Common init functions shared by bitcoin-node, bitcoin-wallet, etc.
+
+#ifndef BITCOIN_INIT_COMMON_H
+#define BITCOIN_INIT_COMMON_H
+
+class ArgsManager;
+
+namespace init {
+void SetGlobals();
+void UnsetGlobals();
+/**
+ *  Ensure a usable environment with all
+ *  necessary library support.
+ */
+bool SanityChecks();
+void AddLoggingArgs(ArgsManager& args);
+void SetLoggingOptions(const ArgsManager& args);
+void SetLoggingCategories(const ArgsManager& args);
+bool StartLogging(const ArgsManager& args);
+void LogPackageVersion();
+} // namespace init
+
+#endif // BITCOIN_INIT_COMMON_H
--- a/src/interfaces/wallet.h
+++ b/src/interfaces/wallet.h
@ -346,6 +346,9 @@ public:
   //! Return default wallet directory.
   virtual std::string getWalletDir() = 0;

+   //! Restore backup wallet
+   virtual std::unique_ptr<Wallet> restoreWallet(const std::string& backup_file, const std::string& wallet_name, bilingual_str& error, std::vector<bilingual_str>& warnings) = 0;
+
   //! Return available wallets in wallet directory.
   virtual std::vector<std::string> listWalletDir() = 0;

--- a/src/llmq/context.cpp
+++ b/src/llmq/context.cpp
@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ LLMQContext::LLMQContext(CChainState& chainstate, CConnman& connman, CDeterminis
 {
    // NOTE: we use this only to wipe the old db, do NOT use it for anything else
    // TODO: remove it in some future version
-    auto llmqDbTmp = std::make_unique<CDBWrapper>(unit_tests ? "" : (GetDataDir() / "llmq"), 1 << 20, unit_tests, true);
+    auto llmqDbTmp = std::make_unique<CDBWrapper>(unit_tests ? "" : (gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / "llmq"), 1 << 20, unit_tests, true);
 }

 LLMQContext::~LLMQContext() {
--- a/src/llmq/dkgsessionmgr.cpp
+++ b/src/llmq/dkgsessionmgr.cpp
@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ CDKGSessionManager::CDKGSessionManager(CBLSWorker& _blsWorker, CChainState& chai
                                       CDKGDebugManager& _dkgDebugManager, CMasternodeMetaMan& mn_metaman, CQuorumBlockProcessor& _quorumBlockProcessor,
                                       const CActiveMasternodeManager* const mn_activeman, const CSporkManager& sporkman,
                                       const std::unique_ptr<PeerManager>& peerman, bool unitTests, bool fWipe) :
-    db(std::make_unique<CDBWrapper>(unitTests ? "" : (GetDataDir() / "llmq/dkgdb"), 1 << 20, unitTests, fWipe)),
+    db(std::make_unique<CDBWrapper>(unitTests ? "" : (gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / "llmq/dkgdb"), 1 << 20, unitTests, fWipe)),
    blsWorker(_blsWorker),
    m_chainstate(chainstate),
    connman(_connman),
@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ void CDKGSessionManager::MigrateDKG()
    LogPrint(BCLog::LLMQ, "CDKGSessionManager::%d -- start\n", __func__);

    CDBBatch batch(*db);
-    auto oldDb = std::make_unique<CDBWrapper>(GetDataDir() / "llmq", 8 << 20);
+    auto oldDb = std::make_unique<CDBWrapper>(gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / "llmq", 8 << 20);
    std::unique_ptr<CDBIterator> pcursor(oldDb->NewIterator());

    auto start_vvec = std::make_tuple(DB_VVEC, (Consensus::LLMQType)0, uint256(), uint256());
--- a/src/llmq/instantsend.cpp
+++ b/src/llmq/instantsend.cpp
@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ uint256 CInstantSendLock::GetRequestId() const


 CInstantSendDb::CInstantSendDb(bool unitTests, bool fWipe) :
-    db(std::make_unique<CDBWrapper>(unitTests ? "" : (GetDataDir() / "llmq/isdb"), 32 << 20, unitTests, fWipe))
+    db(std::make_unique<CDBWrapper>(unitTests ? "" : (gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / "llmq/isdb"), 32 << 20, unitTests, fWipe))
 {
 }

--- a/src/llmq/signing.cpp
+++ b/src/llmq/signing.cpp
@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ UniValue CRecoveredSig::ToJson() const


 CRecoveredSigsDb::CRecoveredSigsDb(bool fMemory, bool fWipe) :
-        db(std::make_unique<CDBWrapper>(fMemory ? "" : (GetDataDir() / "llmq/recsigdb"), 8 << 20, fMemory, fWipe))
+        db(std::make_unique<CDBWrapper>(fMemory ? "" : (gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / "llmq/recsigdb"), 8 << 20, fMemory, fWipe))
 {
    MigrateRecoveredSigs();
 }
@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ void CRecoveredSigsDb::MigrateRecoveredSigs()
    LogPrint(BCLog::LLMQ, "CRecoveredSigsDb::%d -- start\n", __func__);

    CDBBatch batch(*db);
-    auto oldDb = std::make_unique<CDBWrapper>(GetDataDir() / "llmq", 8 << 20);
+    auto oldDb = std::make_unique<CDBWrapper>(gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / "llmq", 8 << 20);
    std::unique_ptr<CDBIterator> pcursor(oldDb->NewIterator());

    auto start_h = std::make_tuple(std::string("rs_h"), uint256());
--- a/src/net.cpp
+++ b/src/net.cpp
@ -3469,7 +3469,7 @@ bool CConnman::Start(CDeterministicMNManager& dmnman, CMasternodeMetaMan& mn_met

    Proxy i2p_sam;
    if (GetProxy(NET_I2P, i2p_sam) && connOptions.m_i2p_accept_incoming) {
-        m_i2p_sam_session = std::make_unique<i2p::sam::Session>(GetDataDir() / "i2p_private_key",
+        m_i2p_sam_session = std::make_unique<i2p::sam::Session>(gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / "i2p_private_key",
                                                                i2p_sam.proxy, &interruptNet);
    }

@ -3479,7 +3479,7 @@ bool CConnman::Start(CDeterministicMNManager& dmnman, CMasternodeMetaMan& mn_met

    if (m_use_addrman_outgoing) {
        // Load addresses from anchors.dat
-        m_anchors = ReadAnchors(GetDataDir() / ANCHORS_DATABASE_FILENAME);
+        m_anchors = ReadAnchors(gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / ANCHORS_DATABASE_FILENAME);
        if (m_anchors.size() > MAX_BLOCK_RELAY_ONLY_ANCHORS) {
            m_anchors.resize(MAX_BLOCK_RELAY_ONLY_ANCHORS);
        }
@ -3642,7 +3642,7 @@ void CConnman::StopNodes()
            if (anchors_to_dump.size() > MAX_BLOCK_RELAY_ONLY_ANCHORS) {
                anchors_to_dump.resize(MAX_BLOCK_RELAY_ONLY_ANCHORS);
            }
-            DumpAnchors(GetDataDir() / ANCHORS_DATABASE_FILENAME, anchors_to_dump);
+            DumpAnchors(gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / ANCHORS_DATABASE_FILENAME, anchors_to_dump);
        }
    }

@ -4313,7 +4313,7 @@ void CaptureMessageToFile(const CAddress& addr,
    std::string clean_addr = addr.ToString();
    std::replace(clean_addr.begin(), clean_addr.end(), ':', '_');

-    fs::path base_path = GetDataDir() / "message_capture" / clean_addr;
+    fs::path base_path = gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / "message_capture" / clean_addr;
    fs::create_directories(base_path);

    fs::path path = base_path / (is_incoming ? "msgs_recv.dat" : "msgs_sent.dat");
--- a/src/node/blockstorage.cpp
+++ b/src/node/blockstorage.cpp
@ -331,6 +331,7 @@ void BlockManager::Unload()

 bool BlockManager::WriteBlockIndexDB()
 {
+    AssertLockHeld(::cs_main);
    std::vector<std::pair<int, const CBlockFileInfo*>> vFiles;
    vFiles.reserve(m_dirty_fileinfo.size());
    for (std::set<int>::iterator it = m_dirty_fileinfo.begin(); it != m_dirty_fileinfo.end();) {
@ -616,7 +617,6 @@ fs::path GetBlockPosFilename(const FlatFilePos& pos)
    return BlockFileSeq().FileName(pos);
 }

-// TODO move to blockstorage
 bool BlockManager::FindBlockPos(FlatFilePos& pos, unsigned int nAddSize, unsigned int nHeight, CChain& active_chain, uint64_t nTime, bool fKnown)
 {
    LOCK(cs_LastBlockFile);
--- a/src/policy/fees.cpp
+++ b/src/policy/fees.cpp
@ -530,7 +530,7 @@ CBlockPolicyEstimator::CBlockPolicyEstimator()
    longStats = std::make_unique<TxConfirmStats>(buckets, bucketMap, LONG_BLOCK_PERIODS, LONG_DECAY, LONG_SCALE);

    // If the fee estimation file is present, read recorded estimations
-    fs::path est_filepath = GetDataDir() / FEE_ESTIMATES_FILENAME;
+    fs::path est_filepath = gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / FEE_ESTIMATES_FILENAME;
    CAutoFile est_file(fsbridge::fopen(est_filepath, "rb"), SER_DISK, CLIENT_VERSION);
    if (est_file.IsNull() || !Read(est_file)) {
        LogPrintf("Failed to read fee estimates from %s. Continue anyway.\n", est_filepath.string());
@ -890,7 +890,7 @@ CFeeRate CBlockPolicyEstimator::estimateSmartFee(int confTarget, FeeCalculation
 void CBlockPolicyEstimator::Flush() {
    FlushUnconfirmed();

-    fs::path est_filepath = GetDataDir() / FEE_ESTIMATES_FILENAME;
+    fs::path est_filepath = gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / FEE_ESTIMATES_FILENAME;
    CAutoFile est_file(fsbridge::fopen(est_filepath, "wb"), SER_DISK, CLIENT_VERSION);
    if (est_file.IsNull() || !Write(est_file)) {
        LogPrintf("Failed to write fee estimates to %s. Continue anyway.\n", est_filepath.string());
--- a/src/qt/bitcoin.cpp
+++ b/src/qt/bitcoin.cpp
@ -631,7 +631,7 @@ int GuiMain(int argc, char* argv[])
    if (!Intro::showIfNeeded(did_show_intro, prune_MiB)) return EXIT_SUCCESS;

    /// 6. Determine availability of data directory and parse dash.conf
-    /// - Do not call GetDataDir(true) before this step finishes
+    /// - Do not call gArgs.GetDataDirNet() before this step finishes
    if (!CheckDataDirOption()) {
        InitError(strprintf(Untranslated("Specified data directory \"%s\" does not exist.\n"), gArgs.GetArg("-datadir", "")));
        QMessageBox::critical(nullptr, PACKAGE_NAME,
--- a/src/qt/bitcoingui.cpp
+++ b/src/qt/bitcoingui.cpp
@ -111,6 +111,9 @@ BitcoinGUI::BitcoinGUI(interfaces::Node& node, const NetworkStyle* networkStyle,
    {
        /** Create wallet frame*/
        walletFrame = new WalletFrame(this);
+        connect(walletFrame, &WalletFrame::message, [this](const QString& title, const QString& message, unsigned int style) {
+            this->message(title, message, style);
+        });
    } else
 #endif // ENABLE_WALLET
    {
--- a/src/qt/clientmodel.cpp
+++ b/src/qt/clientmodel.cpp
@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ QString ClientModel::formatClientStartupTime() const

 QString ClientModel::dataDir() const
 {
-    return GUIUtil::PathToQString(GetDataDir());
+    return GUIUtil::PathToQString(gArgs.GetDataDirNet());
 }

 QString ClientModel::blocksDir() const
--- a/src/qt/guiutil.cpp
+++ b/src/qt/guiutil.cpp
@ -634,7 +634,7 @@ void handleCloseWindowShortcut(QWidget* w)

 void openDebugLogfile()
 {
-    fs::path pathDebug = GetDataDir() / "debug.log";
+    fs::path pathDebug = gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / "debug.log";

    /* Open debug.log with the associated application */
    if (fs::exists(pathDebug))
--- a/src/qt/intro.h
+++ b/src/qt/intro.h
@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ public:
     * @returns true if a data directory was selected, false if the user cancelled the selection
     * dialog.
     *
-     * @note do NOT call global GetDataDir() before calling this function, this
+     * @note do NOT call global gArgs.GetDataDirNet() before calling this function, this
     * will cause the wrong path to be cached.
     */
    static bool showIfNeeded(bool& did_show_intro, int64_t& prune_MiB);
--- a/src/qt/optionsmodel.cpp
+++ b/src/qt/optionsmodel.cpp
@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ void OptionsModel::Reset()
    QSettings settings;

    // Backup old settings to chain-specific datadir for troubleshooting
-    BackupSettings(GetDataDir(true) / "guisettings.ini.bak", settings);
+    BackupSettings(gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / "guisettings.ini.bak", settings);

    // Save the strDataDir setting
    QString dataDir = GUIUtil::getDefaultDataDirectory();
--- a/src/qt/paymentserver.cpp
+++ b/src/qt/paymentserver.cpp
@ -50,9 +50,9 @@ static QString ipcServerName()
    QString name("DashQt");

    // Append a simple hash of the datadir
-    // Note that GetDataDir(true) returns a different path
+    // Note that gArgs.GetDataDirNet() returns a different path
    // for -testnet versus main net
-    QString ddir(GUIUtil::PathToQString(GetDataDir(true)));
+    QString ddir(GUIUtil::PathToQString(gArgs.GetDataDirNet()));
    name.append(QString::number(qHash(ddir)));

    return name;
--- a/src/qt/psbtoperationsdialog.cpp
+++ b/src/qt/psbtoperationsdialog.cpp
@ -47,18 +47,22 @@ void PSBTOperationsDialog::openWithPSBT(PartiallySignedTransaction psbtx)
 {
    m_transaction_data = psbtx;

-    bool complete;
-    size_t n_could_sign;
-    FinalizePSBT(psbtx);  // Make sure all existing signatures are fully combined before checking for completeness.
-    TransactionError err = m_wallet_model->wallet().fillPSBT(SIGHASH_ALL, false /* sign */, true /* bip32derivs */, &n_could_sign, m_transaction_data, complete);
-    if (err != TransactionError::OK) {
-        showStatus(tr("Failed to load transaction: %1")
-            .arg(QString::fromStdString(TransactionErrorString(err).translated)), StatusLevel::ERR);
-        return;
+    bool complete = FinalizePSBT(psbtx); // Make sure all existing signatures are fully combined before checking for completeness.
+    if (m_wallet_model) {
+        size_t n_could_sign;
+        TransactionError err = m_wallet_model->wallet().fillPSBT(SIGHASH_ALL, false /* sign */, true /* bip32derivs */, &n_could_sign, m_transaction_data, complete);
+        if (err != TransactionError::OK) {
+            showStatus(tr("Failed to load transaction: %1")
+                           .arg(QString::fromStdString(TransactionErrorString(err).translated)),
+                       StatusLevel::ERR);
+            return;
+        }
+        m_ui->signTransactionButton->setEnabled(!complete && !m_wallet_model->wallet().privateKeysDisabled() && n_could_sign > 0);
+    } else {
+        m_ui->signTransactionButton->setEnabled(false);
    }

    m_ui->broadcastTransactionButton->setEnabled(complete);
-    m_ui->signTransactionButton->setEnabled(!complete && !m_wallet_model->wallet().privateKeysDisabled() && n_could_sign > 0);

    updateTransactionDisplay();
 }
@ -133,7 +137,7 @@ void PSBTOperationsDialog::saveTransaction() {
        }
        CTxDestination address;
        ExtractDestination(out.scriptPubKey, address);
-        QString amount = BitcoinUnits::format(m_wallet_model->getOptionsModel()->getDisplayUnit(), out.nValue);
+        QString amount = BitcoinUnits::format(m_client_model->getOptionsModel()->getDisplayUnit(), out.nValue);
        QString address_str = QString::fromStdString(EncodeDestination(address));
        filename_suggestion.append(address_str + "-" + amount);
        first = false;
@ -224,6 +228,10 @@ void PSBTOperationsDialog::showStatus(const QString &msg, StatusLevel level) {
 }

 size_t PSBTOperationsDialog::couldSignInputs(const PartiallySignedTransaction &psbtx) {
+    if (!m_wallet_model) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
    size_t n_signed;
    bool complete;
    TransactionError err = m_wallet_model->wallet().fillPSBT(SIGHASH_ALL, false /* sign */, false /* bip32derivs */, &n_signed, m_transaction_data, complete);
@ -246,7 +254,10 @@ void PSBTOperationsDialog::showTransactionStatus(const PartiallySignedTransactio
        case PSBTRole::SIGNER: {
            QString need_sig_text = tr("Transaction still needs signature(s).");
            StatusLevel level = StatusLevel::INFO;
-            if (m_wallet_model->wallet().privateKeysDisabled()) {
+            if (!m_wallet_model) {
+                need_sig_text += " " + tr("(But no wallet is loaded.)");
+                level = StatusLevel::WARN;
+            } else if (m_wallet_model->wallet().privateKeysDisabled()) {
                need_sig_text += " " + tr("(But this wallet cannot sign transactions.)");
                level = StatusLevel::WARN;
            } else if (n_could_sign < 1) {
--- a/src/qt/test/apptests.cpp
+++ b/src/qt/test/apptests.cpp
@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ void AppTests::appTests()

    fs::create_directories([] {
        BasicTestingSetup test{CBaseChainParams::REGTEST}; // Create a temp data directory to backup the gui settings to
-        return GetDataDir() / "blocks";
+        return gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / "blocks";
    }());

    qRegisterMetaType<interfaces::BlockAndHeaderTipInfo>("interfaces::BlockAndHeaderTipInfo");
--- a/src/qt/walletframe.cpp
+++ b/src/qt/walletframe.cpp
@ -4,11 +4,15 @@

 #include <qt/walletframe.h>

+#include <node/ui_interface.h>
+#include <psbt.h>
 #include <qt/bitcoingui.h>
 #include <qt/createwalletdialog.h>
 #include <qt/governancelist.h>
+#include <qt/guiutil.h>
 #include <qt/masternodelist.h>
 #include <qt/overviewpage.h>
+#include <qt/psbtoperationsdialog.h>
 #include <qt/walletcontroller.h>
 #include <qt/walletmodel.h>
 #include <qt/walletview.h>
@ -16,6 +20,8 @@

 #include <cassert>

+#include <QApplication>
+#include <QClipboard>
 #include <QHBoxLayout>
 #include <QLabel>
 #include <QPushButton>
@ -245,10 +251,40 @@ void WalletFrame::gotoVerifyMessageTab(QString addr)

 void WalletFrame::gotoLoadPSBT(bool from_clipboard)
 {
-    WalletView *walletView = currentWalletView();
-    if (walletView) {
-        walletView->gotoLoadPSBT(from_clipboard);
+    std::string data;
+
+    if (from_clipboard) {
+        std::string raw = QApplication::clipboard()->text().toStdString();
+        bool invalid;
+        data = DecodeBase64(raw, &invalid);
+        if (invalid) {
+            Q_EMIT message(tr("Error"), tr("Unable to decode PSBT from clipboard (invalid base64)"), CClientUIInterface::MSG_ERROR);
+            return;
+        }
+    } else {
+        QString filename = GUIUtil::getOpenFileName(this,
+            tr("Load Transaction Data"), QString(),
+            tr("Partially Signed Transaction (*.psbt)"), nullptr);
+        if (filename.isEmpty()) return;
+        if (GetFileSize(filename.toLocal8Bit().data(), MAX_FILE_SIZE_PSBT) == MAX_FILE_SIZE_PSBT) {
+            Q_EMIT message(tr("Error"), tr("PSBT file must be smaller than 100 MiB"), CClientUIInterface::MSG_ERROR);
+            return;
+        }
+        std::ifstream in(filename.toLocal8Bit().data(), std::ios::binary);
+        data = std::string(std::istreambuf_iterator<char>{in}, {});
    }
+
+    std::string error;
+    PartiallySignedTransaction psbtx;
+    if (!DecodeRawPSBT(psbtx, data, error)) {
+        Q_EMIT message(tr("Error"), tr("Unable to decode PSBT") + "\n" + QString::fromStdString(error), CClientUIInterface::MSG_ERROR);
+        return;
+    }
+
+    PSBTOperationsDialog* dlg = new PSBTOperationsDialog(this, currentWalletModel(), clientModel);
+    dlg->openWithPSBT(psbtx);
+    dlg->setAttribute(Qt::WA_DeleteOnClose);
+    dlg->exec();
 }

 void WalletFrame::encryptWallet()
--- a/src/qt/walletframe.h
+++ b/src/qt/walletframe.h
@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ public:
    QSize sizeHint() const override { return m_size_hint; }

 Q_SIGNALS:
+    void message(const QString& title, const QString& message, unsigned int style);
    /** Notify that the user has requested more information about the out-of-sync warning */
    void requestedSyncWarningInfo();

--- a/src/qt/walletview.cpp
+++ b/src/qt/walletview.cpp
@ -11,7 +11,6 @@
 #include <qt/askpassphrasedialog.h>
 #include <qt/clientmodel.h>
 #include <qt/guiutil.h>
-#include <qt/psbtoperationsdialog.h>
 #include <qt/optionsmodel.h>
 #include <qt/overviewpage.h>
 #include <qt/receivecoinsdialog.h>
@ -24,13 +23,10 @@

 #include <interfaces/node.h>
 #include <node/ui_interface.h>
-#include <psbt.h>
 #include <util/strencodings.h>

 #include <QAction>
 #include <QActionGroup>
-#include <QApplication>
-#include <QClipboard>
 #include <QFileDialog>
 #include <QHBoxLayout>
 #include <QLabel>
@ -298,44 +294,6 @@ void WalletView::gotoVerifyMessageTab(QString addr)
        signVerifyMessageDialog->setAddress_VM(addr);
 }

-void WalletView::gotoLoadPSBT(bool from_clipboard)
-{
-    std::string data;
-
-    if (from_clipboard) {
-        std::string raw = QApplication::clipboard()->text().toStdString();
-        bool invalid;
-        data = DecodeBase64(raw, &invalid);
-        if (invalid) {
-            Q_EMIT message(tr("Error"), tr("Unable to decode PSBT from clipboard (invalid base64)"), CClientUIInterface::MSG_ERROR);
-            return;
-        }
-    } else {
-        QString filename = GUIUtil::getOpenFileName(this,
-            tr("Load Transaction Data"), QString(),
-            tr("Partially Signed Transaction (*.psbt)"), nullptr);
-        if (filename.isEmpty()) return;
-        if (GetFileSize(filename.toLocal8Bit().data(), MAX_FILE_SIZE_PSBT) == MAX_FILE_SIZE_PSBT) {
-            Q_EMIT message(tr("Error"), tr("PSBT file must be smaller than 100 MiB"), CClientUIInterface::MSG_ERROR);
-            return;
-        }
-        std::ifstream in(filename.toLocal8Bit().data(), std::ios::binary);
-        data = std::string(std::istreambuf_iterator<char>{in}, {});
-    }
-
-    std::string error;
-    PartiallySignedTransaction psbtx;
-    if (!DecodeRawPSBT(psbtx, data, error)) {
-        Q_EMIT message(tr("Error"), tr("Unable to decode PSBT") + "\n" + QString::fromStdString(error), CClientUIInterface::MSG_ERROR);
-        return;
-    }
-
-    PSBTOperationsDialog* dlg = new PSBTOperationsDialog(this, walletModel, clientModel);
-    dlg->openWithPSBT(psbtx);
-    dlg->setAttribute(Qt::WA_DeleteOnClose);
-    dlg->exec();
-}
-
 bool WalletView::handlePaymentRequest(const SendCoinsRecipient& recipient)
 {
    return sendCoinsPage->handlePaymentRequest(recipient);
--- a/src/qt/walletview.h
+++ b/src/qt/walletview.h
@ -94,8 +94,6 @@ public Q_SLOTS:
    void gotoSignMessageTab(QString addr = "");
    /** Show Sign/Verify Message dialog and switch to verify message tab */
    void gotoVerifyMessageTab(QString addr = "");
-    /** Load Partially Signed Bitcoin Transaction */
-    void gotoLoadPSBT(bool from_clipboard = false);

    /** Show incoming transaction notification for new transactions.

--- a/src/rpc/blockchain.cpp
+++ b/src/rpc/blockchain.cpp
@ -2960,10 +2960,10 @@ static RPCHelpMan dumptxoutset()
        },
        [&](const RPCHelpMan& self, const JSONRPCRequest& request) -> UniValue
 {
-    const fs::path path = fsbridge::AbsPathJoin(GetDataDir(), request.params[0].get_str());
+    const fs::path path = fsbridge::AbsPathJoin(gArgs.GetDataDirNet(), request.params[0].get_str());
    // Write to a temporary path and then move into `path` on completion
    // to avoid confusion due to an interruption.
-    const fs::path temppath = fsbridge::AbsPathJoin(GetDataDir(), request.params[0].get_str() + ".incomplete");
+    const fs::path temppath = fsbridge::AbsPathJoin(gArgs.GetDataDirNet(), request.params[0].get_str() + ".incomplete");

    if (fs::exists(path)) {
        throw JSONRPCError(
--- a/src/rpc/protocol.h
+++ b/src/rpc/protocol.h
@ -81,6 +81,7 @@ enum RPCErrorCode
    RPC_WALLET_NOT_FOUND            = -18, //!< Invalid wallet specified
    RPC_WALLET_NOT_SPECIFIED        = -19, //!< No wallet specified (error when there are multiple wallets loaded)
    RPC_WALLET_ALREADY_LOADED       = -35, //!< This same wallet is already loaded
+    RPC_WALLET_ALREADY_EXISTS       = -36, //!< There is already a wallet with the same name


     //! Backwards compatible aliases
--- a/src/test/dbwrapper_tests.cpp
+++ b/src/test/dbwrapper_tests.cpp
@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(dbwrapper)
 {
    // Perform tests both obfuscated and non-obfuscated.
    for (const bool obfuscate : {false, true}) {
-        fs::path ph = m_args.GetDataDirPath() / (obfuscate ? "dbwrapper_obfuscate_true" : "dbwrapper_obfuscate_false");
+        fs::path ph = m_args.GetDataDirBase() / (obfuscate ? "dbwrapper_obfuscate_true" : "dbwrapper_obfuscate_false");
        CDBWrapper dbw(ph, (1 << 20), true, false, obfuscate);
        uint8_t key{'k'};
        uint256 in = InsecureRand256();
@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(dbwrapper_basic_data)
 {
    // Perform tests both obfuscated and non-obfuscated.
    for (bool obfuscate : {false, true}) {
-        fs::path ph = m_args.GetDataDirPath() / (obfuscate ? "dbwrapper_1_obfuscate_true" : "dbwrapper_1_obfuscate_false");
+        fs::path ph = m_args.GetDataDirBase() / (obfuscate ? "dbwrapper_1_obfuscate_true" : "dbwrapper_1_obfuscate_false");
        CDBWrapper dbw(ph, (1 << 20), false, true, obfuscate);

        uint256 res;
@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(dbwrapper_batch)
 {
    // Perform tests both obfuscated and non-obfuscated.
    for (const bool obfuscate : {false, true}) {
-        fs::path ph = m_args.GetDataDirPath() / (obfuscate ? "dbwrapper_batch_obfuscate_true" : "dbwrapper_batch_obfuscate_false");
+        fs::path ph = m_args.GetDataDirBase() / (obfuscate ? "dbwrapper_batch_obfuscate_true" : "dbwrapper_batch_obfuscate_false");
        CDBWrapper dbw(ph, (1 << 20), true, false, obfuscate);

        uint8_t key{'i'};
@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(dbwrapper_iterator)
 {
    // Perform tests both obfuscated and non-obfuscated.
    for (const bool obfuscate : {false, true}) {
-        fs::path ph = m_args.GetDataDirPath() / (obfuscate ? "dbwrapper_iterator_obfuscate_true" : "dbwrapper_iterator_obfuscate_false");
+        fs::path ph = m_args.GetDataDirBase() / (obfuscate ? "dbwrapper_iterator_obfuscate_true" : "dbwrapper_iterator_obfuscate_false");
        CDBWrapper dbw(ph, (1 << 20), true, false, obfuscate);

        // The two keys are intentionally chosen for ordering
@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(dbwrapper_iterator)
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(existing_data_no_obfuscate)
 {
    // We're going to share this fs::path between two wrappers
-    fs::path ph = m_args.GetDataDirPath() / "existing_data_no_obfuscate";
+    fs::path ph = m_args.GetDataDirBase() / "existing_data_no_obfuscate";
    create_directories(ph);

    // Set up a non-obfuscated wrapper to write some initial data.
@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(existing_data_no_obfuscate)
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(existing_data_reindex)
 {
    // We're going to share this fs::path between two wrappers
-    fs::path ph = m_args.GetDataDirPath() / "existing_data_reindex";
+    fs::path ph = m_args.GetDataDirBase() / "existing_data_reindex";
    create_directories(ph);

    // Set up a non-obfuscated wrapper to write some initial data.
@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(existing_data_reindex)

 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(iterator_ordering)
 {
-    fs::path ph = m_args.GetDataDirPath() / "iterator_ordering";
+    fs::path ph = m_args.GetDataDirBase() / "iterator_ordering";
    CDBWrapper dbw(ph, (1 << 20), true, false, false);
    for (int x=0x00; x<256; ++x) {
        uint8_t key = x;
@ -358,7 +358,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(iterator_string_ordering)
 {
    char buf[10];

-    fs::path ph = m_args.GetDataDirPath() / "iterator_string_ordering";
+    fs::path ph = m_args.GetDataDirBase() / "iterator_string_ordering";
    CDBWrapper dbw(ph, (1 << 20), true, false, false);
    for (int x=0x00; x<10; ++x) {
        for (int y = 0; y < 10; y++) {
@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(unicodepath)
    // On Windows this test will fail if the directory is created using
    // the ANSI CreateDirectoryA call and the code page isn't UTF8.
    // It will succeed if created with CreateDirectoryW.
-    fs::path ph = m_args.GetDataDirPath() / "test_runner_₿_🏃_20191128_104644";
+    fs::path ph = m_args.GetDataDirBase() / "test_runner_₿_🏃_20191128_104644";
    CDBWrapper dbw(ph, (1 << 20));

    fs::path lockPath = ph / "LOCK";
--- a/src/test/denialofservice_tests.cpp
+++ b/src/test/denialofservice_tests.cpp
@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(block_relay_only_eviction)
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(peer_discouragement)
 {
    const CChainParams& chainparams = Params();
-    auto banman = std::make_unique<BanMan>(m_args.GetDataDirPath() / "banlist", nullptr, DEFAULT_MISBEHAVING_BANTIME);
+    auto banman = std::make_unique<BanMan>(m_args.GetDataDirBase() / "banlist", nullptr, DEFAULT_MISBEHAVING_BANTIME);
    auto connman = std::make_unique<ConnmanTestMsg>(0x1337, 0x1337, *m_node.addrman);
    auto peerLogic = PeerManager::make(chainparams, *connman, *m_node.addrman, banman.get(), *m_node.scheduler,
                                       *m_node.chainman, *m_node.mempool, *m_node.mn_metaman, *m_node.mn_sync,
@ -412,7 +412,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(peer_discouragement)
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(DoS_bantime)
 {
    const CChainParams& chainparams = Params();
-    auto banman = std::make_unique<BanMan>(m_args.GetDataDirPath() / "banlist", nullptr, DEFAULT_MISBEHAVING_BANTIME);
+    auto banman = std::make_unique<BanMan>(m_args.GetDataDirBase() / "banlist", nullptr, DEFAULT_MISBEHAVING_BANTIME);
    auto connman = std::make_unique<CConnman>(0x1337, 0x1337, *m_node.addrman);
    auto peerLogic = PeerManager::make(chainparams, *connman, *m_node.addrman, banman.get(), *m_node.scheduler,
                                       *m_node.chainman, *m_node.mempool, *m_node.mn_metaman, *m_node.mn_sync,
--- a/src/test/flatfile_tests.cpp
+++ b/src/test/flatfile_tests.cpp
@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_SUITE(flatfile_tests, BasicTestingSetup)

 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(flatfile_filename)
 {
-    const auto data_dir = m_args.GetDataDirPath();
+    const auto data_dir = m_args.GetDataDirBase();

    FlatFilePos pos(456, 789);

@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(flatfile_filename)

 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(flatfile_open)
 {
-    const auto data_dir = m_args.GetDataDirPath();
+    const auto data_dir = m_args.GetDataDirBase();
    FlatFileSeq seq(data_dir, "a", 16 * 1024);

    std::string line1("A purely peer-to-peer version of electronic cash would allow online "
@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(flatfile_open)

 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(flatfile_allocate)
 {
-    const auto data_dir = m_args.GetDataDirPath();
+    const auto data_dir = m_args.GetDataDirBase();
    FlatFileSeq seq(data_dir, "a", 100);

    bool out_of_space;
@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(flatfile_allocate)

 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(flatfile_flush)
 {
-    const auto data_dir = m_args.GetDataDirPath();
+    const auto data_dir = m_args.GetDataDirBase();
    FlatFileSeq seq(data_dir, "a", 100);

    bool out_of_space;
--- a/src/test/fs_tests.cpp
+++ b/src/test/fs_tests.cpp
@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_SUITE(fs_tests, BasicTestingSetup)

 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(fsbridge_fstream)
 {
-    fs::path tmpfolder = m_args.GetDataDirPath();
+    fs::path tmpfolder = m_args.GetDataDirBase();
    // tmpfile1 should be the same as tmpfile2
    fs::path tmpfile1 = tmpfolder / "fs_tests_₿_🏃";
    fs::path tmpfile2 = tmpfolder / "fs_tests_₿_🏃";
--- a/src/test/fuzz/banman.cpp
+++ b/src/test/fuzz/banman.cpp
@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ FUZZ_TARGET_INIT(banman, initialize_banman)
 {
    FuzzedDataProvider fuzzed_data_provider{buffer.data(), buffer.size()};
    SetMockTime(ConsumeTime(fuzzed_data_provider));
-    fs::path banlist_file = GetDataDir() / "fuzzed_banlist";
+    fs::path banlist_file = gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / "fuzzed_banlist";

    const bool start_with_corrupted_banlist{fuzzed_data_provider.ConsumeBool()};
    bool force_read_and_write_to_err{false};
--- a/src/test/fuzz/i2p.cpp
+++ b/src/test/fuzz/i2p.cpp
@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ FUZZ_TARGET_INIT(i2p, initialize_i2p)
    const CService sam_proxy;
    CThreadInterrupt interrupt;

-    i2p::sam::Session sess{GetDataDir() / "fuzzed_i2p_private_key", sam_proxy, &interrupt};
+    i2p::sam::Session sess{gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / "fuzzed_i2p_private_key", sam_proxy, &interrupt};

    i2p::Connection conn;

--- a/src/test/fuzz/utxo_snapshot.cpp
+++ b/src/test/fuzz/utxo_snapshot.cpp
@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2021 The Bitcoin Core developers
+// Distributed under the MIT software license, see the accompanying
+// file COPYING or http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php.
+
+#include <chainparams.h>
+#include <consensus/validation.h>
+#include <node/utxo_snapshot.h>
+#include <test/fuzz/FuzzedDataProvider.h>
+#include <test/fuzz/fuzz.h>
+#include <test/fuzz/util.h>
+#include <test/util/mining.h>
+#include <test/util/setup_common.h>
+#include <validation.h>
+#include <validationinterface.h>
+
+namespace {
+
+const std::vector<std::shared_ptr<CBlock>>* g_chain;
+
+void initialize_chain()
+{
+    const auto params{CreateChainParams(ArgsManager{}, CBaseChainParams::REGTEST)};
+    static const auto chain{CreateBlockChain(2 * COINBASE_MATURITY, *params)};
+    g_chain = &chain;
+}
+
+FUZZ_TARGET_INIT(utxo_snapshot, initialize_chain)
+{
+    FuzzedDataProvider fuzzed_data_provider(buffer.data(), buffer.size());
+    std::unique_ptr<const TestingSetup> setup{MakeNoLogFileContext<const TestingSetup>()};
+    const auto& node = setup->m_node;
+    auto& chainman{*node.chainman};
+
+    const auto snapshot_path = gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / "fuzzed_snapshot.dat";
+
+    Assert(!chainman.SnapshotBlockhash());
+
+    {
+        CAutoFile outfile{fsbridge::fopen(snapshot_path, "wb"), SER_DISK, CLIENT_VERSION};
+        const auto file_data{ConsumeRandomLengthByteVector(fuzzed_data_provider)};
+        outfile << Span<const uint8_t>{file_data};
+    }
+
+    const auto ActivateFuzzedSnapshot{[&] {
+        CAutoFile infile{fsbridge::fopen(snapshot_path, "rb"), SER_DISK, CLIENT_VERSION};
+        SnapshotMetadata metadata;
+        try {
+            infile >> metadata;
+        } catch (const std::ios_base::failure&) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        return chainman.ActivateSnapshot(infile, metadata, /* in_memory */ true);
+    }};
+
+    if (fuzzed_data_provider.ConsumeBool()) {
+        for (const auto& block : *g_chain) {
+            BlockValidationState dummy;
+            bool processed{chainman.ProcessNewBlockHeaders({*block}, dummy, ::Params())};
+            Assert(processed);
+            const auto* index{WITH_LOCK(::cs_main, return chainman.m_blockman.LookupBlockIndex(block->GetHash()))};
+            Assert(index);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (ActivateFuzzedSnapshot()) {
+        LOCK(::cs_main);
+        Assert(!chainman.ActiveChainstate().m_from_snapshot_blockhash->IsNull());
+        Assert(*chainman.ActiveChainstate().m_from_snapshot_blockhash ==
+               *chainman.SnapshotBlockhash());
+        const auto& coinscache{chainman.ActiveChainstate().CoinsTip()};
+        int64_t chain_tx{};
+        for (const auto& block : *g_chain) {
+            Assert(coinscache.HaveCoin(COutPoint{block->vtx.at(0)->GetHash(), 0}));
+            const auto* index{chainman.m_blockman.LookupBlockIndex(block->GetHash())};
+            const auto num_tx{Assert(index)->nTx};
+            Assert(num_tx == 1);
+            chain_tx += num_tx;
+        }
+        Assert(g_chain->size() == coinscache.GetCacheSize());
+        Assert(chain_tx == chainman.ActiveTip()->nChainTx);
+    } else {
+        Assert(!chainman.SnapshotBlockhash());
+        Assert(!chainman.ActiveChainstate().m_from_snapshot_blockhash);
+    }
+    // Snapshot should refuse to load a second time regardless of validity
+    Assert(!ActivateFuzzedSnapshot());
+}
+} // namespace
--- a/src/test/i2p_tests.cpp
+++ b/src/test/i2p_tests.cpp
@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(unlimited_recv)
    };

    CThreadInterrupt interrupt;
-    i2p::sam::Session session(GetDataDir() / "test_i2p_private_key", CService{}, &interrupt);
+    i2p::sam::Session session(gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / "test_i2p_private_key", CService{}, &interrupt);

    {
        ASSERT_DEBUG_LOG("Creating persistent SAM session");
--- a/src/test/serfloat_tests.cpp
+++ b/src/test/serfloat_tests.cpp
@ -102,11 +102,12 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(double_serfloat_tests) {
 Python code to generate the below hashes:

    def reversed_hex(x):
-        return binascii.hexlify(''.join(reversed(x)))
+        return bytes(reversed(x)).hex()
+
    def dsha256(x):
        return hashlib.sha256(hashlib.sha256(x).digest()).digest()

-    reversed_hex(dsha256(''.join(struct.pack('<d', x) for x in range(0,1000)))) == '43d0c82591953c4eafe114590d392676a01585d25b25d433557f0d7878b23f96'
+    reversed_hex(dsha256(b''.join(struct.pack('<d', x) for x in range(0,1000)))) == '43d0c82591953c4eafe114590d392676a01585d25b25d433557f0d7878b23f96'
 */
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(doubles)
 {
--- a/src/test/settings_tests.cpp
+++ b/src/test/settings_tests.cpp
@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_SUITE(settings_tests, BasicTestingSetup)

 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ReadWrite)
 {
-    fs::path path = m_args.GetDataDirPath() / "settings.json";
+    fs::path path = m_args.GetDataDirBase() / "settings.json";

    WriteText(path, R"({
        "string": "string",
--- a/src/test/util/mining.cpp
+++ b/src/test/util/mining.cpp
@ -13,8 +13,10 @@
 #include <pow.h>
 #include <script/standard.h>
 #include <spork.h>
+#include <test/util/script.h>
 #include <util/check.h>
 #include <validation.h>
+#include <versionbits.h>

 CTxIn generatetoaddress(const NodeContext& node, const std::string& address)
 {
@ -25,6 +27,37 @@ CTxIn generatetoaddress(const NodeContext& node, const std::string& address)
    return MineBlock(node, coinbase_script);
 }

+std::vector<std::shared_ptr<CBlock>> CreateBlockChain(size_t total_height, const CChainParams& params)
+{
+    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<CBlock>> ret{total_height};
+    auto time{params.GenesisBlock().nTime};
+    for (size_t height{0}; height < total_height; ++height) {
+        CBlock& block{*(ret.at(height) = std::make_shared<CBlock>())};
+
+        CMutableTransaction coinbase_tx;
+        coinbase_tx.vin.resize(1);
+        coinbase_tx.vin[0].prevout.SetNull();
+        coinbase_tx.vout.resize(1);
+        coinbase_tx.vout[0].scriptPubKey = P2SH_OP_TRUE;
+        coinbase_tx.vout[0].nValue = GetBlockSubsidyInner(params.GenesisBlock().nBits, height, params.GetConsensus(), false);
+        coinbase_tx.vin[0].scriptSig = CScript() << (height + 1) << OP_0;
+        block.vtx = {MakeTransactionRef(std::move(coinbase_tx))};
+
+        block.nVersion = VERSIONBITS_LAST_OLD_BLOCK_VERSION;
+        block.hashPrevBlock = (height >= 1 ? *ret.at(height - 1) : params.GenesisBlock()).GetHash();
+        block.hashMerkleRoot = BlockMerkleRoot(block);
+        block.nTime = ++time;
+        block.nBits = params.GenesisBlock().nBits;
+        block.nNonce = 0;
+
+        while (!CheckProofOfWork(block.GetHash(), block.nBits, params.GetConsensus())) {
+            ++block.nNonce;
+            assert(block.nNonce);
+        }
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
 CTxIn MineBlock(const NodeContext& node, const CScript& coinbase_scriptPubKey)
 {
    auto block = PrepareBlock(node, coinbase_scriptPubKey);
--- a/src/test/util/mining.h
+++ b/src/test/util/mining.h
@ -7,12 +7,17 @@

 #include <memory>
 #include <string>
+#include <vector>

 class CBlock;
+class CChainParams;
 class CScript;
 class CTxIn;
 struct NodeContext;

+/** Create a blockchain, starting from genesis */
+std::vector<std::shared_ptr<CBlock>> CreateBlockChain(size_t total_height, const CChainParams& params);
+
 /** Returns the generated coin */
 CTxIn MineBlock(const NodeContext&, const CScript& coinbase_scriptPubKey);

--- a/src/test/util/setup_common.cpp
+++ b/src/test/util/setup_common.cpp
@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ TestingSetup::TestingSetup(const std::string& chainName, const std::vector<const
        throw std::runtime_error("LoadGenesisBlock failed.");
    }

-    m_node.banman = std::make_unique<BanMan>(m_args.GetDataDirPath() / "banlist", nullptr, DEFAULT_MISBEHAVING_BANTIME);
+    m_node.banman = std::make_unique<BanMan>(m_args.GetDataDirBase() / "banlist", nullptr, DEFAULT_MISBEHAVING_BANTIME);
    m_node.peerman = PeerManager::make(chainparams, *m_node.connman, *m_node.addrman, m_node.banman.get(),
                                       *m_node.scheduler, *m_node.chainman, *m_node.mempool, *m_node.mn_metaman, *m_node.mn_sync,
                                       *m_node.govman, *m_node.sporkman, /* mn_activeman = */ nullptr, m_node.dmnman,
--- a/src/test/util_tests.cpp
+++ b/src/test/util_tests.cpp
@ -58,23 +58,23 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(util_datadir)
    ArgsManager args;
    args.ForceSetArg("-datadir", m_path_root.string());

-    const fs::path dd_norm = args.GetDataDirPath();
+    const fs::path dd_norm = args.GetDataDirBase();

    args.ForceSetArg("-datadir", dd_norm.string() + "/");
    args.ClearPathCache();
-    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(dd_norm, args.GetDataDirPath());
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(dd_norm, args.GetDataDirBase());

    args.ForceSetArg("-datadir", dd_norm.string() + "/.");
    args.ClearPathCache();
-    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(dd_norm, args.GetDataDirPath());
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(dd_norm, args.GetDataDirBase());

    args.ForceSetArg("-datadir", dd_norm.string() + "/./");
    args.ClearPathCache();
-    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(dd_norm, args.GetDataDirPath());
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(dd_norm, args.GetDataDirBase());

    args.ForceSetArg("-datadir", dd_norm.string() + "/.//");
    args.ClearPathCache();
-    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(dd_norm, args.GetDataDirPath());
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(dd_norm, args.GetDataDirBase());
 }

 namespace {
@ -1272,10 +1272,10 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(util_ReadWriteSettings)
    // Test error logging, and remove previously written setting.
    {
        ASSERT_DEBUG_LOG("Failed renaming settings file");
-        fs::remove(args1.GetDataDirPath() / "settings.json");
-        fs::create_directory(args1.GetDataDirPath() / "settings.json");
+        fs::remove(args1.GetDataDirBase() / "settings.json");
+        fs::create_directory(args1.GetDataDirBase() / "settings.json");
        args2.WriteSettingsFile();
-        fs::remove(args1.GetDataDirPath() / "settings.json");
+        fs::remove(args1.GetDataDirBase() / "settings.json");
    }
 }

@ -2085,7 +2085,7 @@ static constexpr char ExitCommand = 'X';

 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_LockDirectory)
 {
-    fs::path dirname = m_args.GetDataDirPath() / "lock_dir";
+    fs::path dirname = m_args.GetDataDirBase() / "lock_dir";
    const std::string lockname = ".lock";
 #ifndef WIN32
    // Revert SIGCHLD to default, otherwise boost.test will catch and fail on
@ -2174,7 +2174,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_LockDirectory)
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_DirIsWritable)
 {
    // Should be able to write to the data dir.
-    fs::path tmpdirname = m_args.GetDataDirPath();
+    fs::path tmpdirname = m_args.GetDataDirBase();
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(DirIsWritable(tmpdirname), true);

    // Should not be able to write to a non-existent dir.
--- a/src/test/validation_tests.cpp
+++ b/src/test/validation_tests.cpp
@ -28,11 +28,11 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(test_assumeutxo)

    const auto out110 = *ExpectedAssumeutxo(110, *params);
    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(out110.hash_serialized.ToString(), "9b2a277a3e3b979f1a539d57e949495d7f8247312dbc32bce6619128c192b44b");
-    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(out110.nChainTx, (unsigned int)110);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(out110.nChainTx, 110U);

-    const auto out210 = *ExpectedAssumeutxo(210, *params);
-    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(out210.hash_serialized.ToString(), "d4c97d32882583b057efc3dce673e44204851435e6ffcef20346e69cddc7c91e");
-    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(out210.nChainTx, (unsigned int)210);
+    const auto out210 = *ExpectedAssumeutxo(200, *params);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(out210.hash_serialized.ToString(), "8a5bdd92252fc6b24663244bbe958c947bb036dc1f94ccd15439f48d8d1cb4e3");
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(out210.nChainTx, 200U);
 }

 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE_END()
--- a/src/torcontrol.cpp
+++ b/src/torcontrol.cpp
@ -584,7 +584,7 @@ void TorController::Reconnect()

 fs::path TorController::GetPrivateKeyFile()
 {
-    return GetDataDir() / "onion_v3_private_key";
+    return gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / "onion_v3_private_key";
 }

 void TorController::reconnect_cb(evutil_socket_t fd, short what, void *arg)
--- a/src/txdb.cpp
+++ b/src/txdb.cpp
@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ size_t CCoinsViewDB::EstimateSize() const
    return m_db->EstimateSize(DB_COIN, uint8_t(DB_COIN + 1));
 }

-CBlockTreeDB::CBlockTreeDB(size_t nCacheSize, bool fMemory, bool fWipe) : CDBWrapper(GetDataDir() / "blocks" / "index", nCacheSize, fMemory, fWipe) {
+CBlockTreeDB::CBlockTreeDB(size_t nCacheSize, bool fMemory, bool fWipe) : CDBWrapper(gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / "blocks" / "index", nCacheSize, fMemory, fWipe) {
 }

 bool CBlockTreeDB::ReadBlockFileInfo(int nFile, CBlockFileInfo &info) {
@ -408,8 +408,8 @@ bool CBlockTreeDB::ReadFlag(const std::string &name, bool &fValue) {

 bool CBlockTreeDB::LoadBlockIndexGuts(const Consensus::Params& consensusParams, std::function<CBlockIndex*(const uint256&)> insertBlockIndex)
 {
+    AssertLockHeld(::cs_main);
    std::unique_ptr<CDBIterator> pcursor(NewIterator());
-
    pcursor->Seek(std::make_pair(DB_BLOCK_INDEX, uint256()));

    // Load m_block_index
@ -423,19 +423,16 @@ bool CBlockTreeDB::LoadBlockIndexGuts(const Consensus::Params& consensusParams,
                CBlockIndex* pindexNew = insertBlockIndex(diskindex.GetBlockHash());
                pindexNew->pprev          = insertBlockIndex(diskindex.hashPrev);
                pindexNew->nHeight        = diskindex.nHeight;
+                pindexNew->nFile          = diskindex.nFile;
+                pindexNew->nDataPos       = diskindex.nDataPos;
+                pindexNew->nUndoPos       = diskindex.nUndoPos;
                pindexNew->nVersion       = diskindex.nVersion;
                pindexNew->hashMerkleRoot = diskindex.hashMerkleRoot;
                pindexNew->nTime          = diskindex.nTime;
                pindexNew->nBits          = diskindex.nBits;
                pindexNew->nNonce         = diskindex.nNonce;
+                pindexNew->nStatus        = diskindex.nStatus;
                pindexNew->nTx            = diskindex.nTx;
-                {
-                    LOCK(::cs_main);
-                    pindexNew->nFile = diskindex.nFile;
-                    pindexNew->nDataPos = diskindex.nDataPos;
-                    pindexNew->nUndoPos = diskindex.nUndoPos;
-                    pindexNew->nStatus = diskindex.nStatus;
-                }

                if (!CheckProofOfWork(pindexNew->GetBlockHash(), pindexNew->nBits, consensusParams)) {
                    return error("%s: CheckProofOfWork failed: %s", __func__, pindexNew->ToString());
--- a/src/txdb.h
+++ b/src/txdb.h
@ -104,7 +104,8 @@ public:

    bool WriteFlag(const std::string &name, bool fValue);
    bool ReadFlag(const std::string &name, bool &fValue);
-    bool LoadBlockIndexGuts(const Consensus::Params& consensusParams, std::function<CBlockIndex*(const uint256&)> insertBlockIndex);
+    bool LoadBlockIndexGuts(const Consensus::Params& consensusParams, std::function<CBlockIndex*(const uint256&)> insertBlockIndex)
+        EXCLUSIVE_LOCKS_REQUIRED(::cs_main);
 };

 #endif // BITCOIN_TXDB_H
--- a/src/util/system.cpp
+++ b/src/util/system.cpp
@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ std::optional<unsigned int> ArgsManager::GetArgFlags(const std::string& name) co
    return std::nullopt;
 }

-const fs::path& ArgsManager::GetBlocksDirPath()
+const fs::path& ArgsManager::GetBlocksDirPath() const
 {
    LOCK(cs_args);
    fs::path& path = m_cached_blocks_path;
@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ const fs::path& ArgsManager::GetBlocksDirPath()
            return path;
        }
    } else {
-        path = GetDataDirPath(false);
+        path = GetDataDirBase();
    }

    path /= BaseParams().DataDir();
@ -439,7 +439,7 @@ const fs::path& ArgsManager::GetBlocksDirPath()
    return path;
 }

-const fs::path& ArgsManager::GetDataDirPath(bool net_specific) const
+const fs::path& ArgsManager::GetDataDir(bool net_specific) const
 {
    LOCK(cs_args);
    fs::path& path = net_specific ? m_cached_network_datadir_path : m_cached_datadir_path;
@ -473,7 +473,7 @@ const fs::path& ArgsManager::GetDataDirPath(bool net_specific) const
 fs::path ArgsManager::GetBackupsDirPath()
 {
    if (!IsArgSet("-walletbackupsdir"))
-        return GetDataDirPath() / "backups";
+        return GetDataDirNet() / "backups";

    return fs::absolute(GetArg("-walletbackupsdir", ""));
 }
@ -546,7 +546,7 @@ bool ArgsManager::GetSettingsPath(fs::path* filepath, bool temp) const
    }
    if (filepath) {
        std::string settings = GetArg("-settings", BITCOIN_SETTINGS_FILENAME);
-        *filepath = fsbridge::AbsPathJoin(GetDataDirPath(/* net_specific= */ true), temp ? settings + ".tmp" : settings);
+        *filepath = fsbridge::AbsPathJoin(GetDataDirNet(), temp ? settings + ".tmp" : settings);
    }
    return true;
 }
@ -854,11 +854,6 @@ fs::path GetDefaultDataDir()
 #endif
 }

-const fs::path &GetDataDir(bool fNetSpecific)
-{
-    return gArgs.GetDataDirPath(fNetSpecific);
-}
-
 fs::path GetBackupsDir()
 {
    return gArgs.GetBackupsDirPath();
@ -1479,7 +1474,7 @@ fs::path AbsPathForConfigVal(const fs::path& path, bool net_specific)
    if (path.is_absolute()) {
        return path;
    }
-    return fsbridge::AbsPathJoin(GetDataDir(net_specific), path);
+    return fsbridge::AbsPathJoin(net_specific ? gArgs.GetDataDirNet() : gArgs.GetDataDirBase(), path);
 }

 void ScheduleBatchPriority()
--- a/src/util/system.h
+++ b/src/util/system.h
@ -96,7 +96,6 @@ void ReleaseDirectoryLocks();

 bool TryCreateDirectories(const fs::path& p);
 fs::path GetDefaultDataDir();
-const fs::path &GetDataDir(bool fNetSpecific = true);
 // Return true if -datadir option points to a valid directory or is not specified.
 bool CheckDataDirOption();
 fs::path GetConfigFile(const std::string& confPath);
@ -125,7 +124,7 @@ UniValue RunCommandParseJSON(const std::string& str_command, const std::string&
 * the datadir if they are not absolute.
 *
 * @param path The path to be conditionally prefixed with datadir.
- * @param net_specific Forwarded to GetDataDir().
+ * @param net_specific Use network specific datadir variant
 * @return The normalized path.
 */
 fs::path AbsPathForConfigVal(const fs::path& path, bool net_specific = true);
@ -207,7 +206,7 @@ protected:
    std::map<OptionsCategory, std::map<std::string, Arg>> m_available_args GUARDED_BY(cs_args);
    bool m_accept_any_command GUARDED_BY(cs_args){true};
    std::list<SectionInfo> m_config_sections GUARDED_BY(cs_args);
-    fs::path m_cached_blocks_path GUARDED_BY(cs_args);
+    mutable fs::path m_cached_blocks_path GUARDED_BY(cs_args);
    mutable fs::path m_cached_datadir_path GUARDED_BY(cs_args);
    mutable fs::path m_cached_network_datadir_path GUARDED_BY(cs_args);

@ -283,16 +282,23 @@ public:
     *
     * @return Blocks path which is network specific
     */
-    const fs::path& GetBlocksDirPath();
+    const fs::path& GetBlocksDirPath() const;

    /**
     * Get data directory path
     *
-     * @param net_specific Append network identifier to the returned path
     * @return Absolute path on success, otherwise an empty path when a non-directory path would be returned
     * @post Returned directory path is created unless it is empty
     */
-    const fs::path& GetDataDirPath(bool net_specific = true) const;
+    const fs::path& GetDataDirBase() const { return GetDataDir(false); }
+
+    /**
+     * Get data directory path with appended network identifier
+     *
+     * @return Absolute path on success, otherwise an empty path when a non-directory path would be returned
+     * @post Returned directory path is created unless it is empty
+     */
+    const fs::path& GetDataDirNet() const { return GetDataDir(true); }

    fs::path GetBackupsDirPath();

@ -464,6 +470,15 @@ public:
    void LogArgs() const;

 private:
+    /**
+     * Get data directory path
+     *
+     * @param net_specific Append network identifier to the returned path
+     * @return Absolute path on success, otherwise an empty path when a non-directory path would be returned
+     * @post Returned directory path is created unless it is empty
+     */
+    const fs::path& GetDataDir(bool net_specific) const;
+
    // Helper function for LogArgs().
    void logArgsPrefix(
        const std::string& prefix,
--- a/src/validation.cpp
+++ b/src/validation.cpp
@ -1175,7 +1175,7 @@ CoinsViews::CoinsViews(
    size_t cache_size_bytes,
    bool in_memory,
    bool should_wipe) : m_dbview(
-                            GetDataDir() / ldb_name, cache_size_bytes, in_memory, should_wipe),
+                            gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / ldb_name, cache_size_bytes, in_memory, should_wipe),
                        m_catcherview(&m_dbview) {}

 void CoinsViews::InitCache()
@ -2415,7 +2415,7 @@ bool CChainState::FlushStateToDisk(
                // twice (once in the log, and once in the tables). This is already
                // an overestimation, as most will delete an existing entry or
                // overwrite one. Still, use a conservative safety factor of 2.
-                if (!CheckDiskSpace(GetDataDir(), 48 * 2 * 2 * CoinsTip().GetCacheSize())) {
+                if (!CheckDiskSpace(gArgs.GetDataDirNet(), 48 * 2 * 2 * CoinsTip().GetCacheSize())) {
                    return AbortNode(state, "Disk space is too low!", _("Disk space is too low!"));
                }
                // Flush the chainstate (which may refer to block index entries).
@ -4889,7 +4889,7 @@ bool LoadMempool(CTxMemPool& pool, CChainState& active_chainstate, FopenFn mocka
 {
    const CChainParams& chainparams = Params();
    int64_t nExpiryTimeout = gArgs.GetArg("-mempoolexpiry", DEFAULT_MEMPOOL_EXPIRY) * 60 * 60;
-    FILE* filestr{mockable_fopen_function(GetDataDir() / "mempool.dat", "rb")};
+    FILE* filestr{mockable_fopen_function(gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / "mempool.dat", "rb")};
    CAutoFile file(filestr, SER_DISK, CLIENT_VERSION);
    if (file.IsNull()) {
        LogPrintf("Failed to open mempool file from disk. Continuing anyway.\n");
@ -4994,7 +4994,7 @@ bool DumpMempool(const CTxMemPool& pool, FopenFn mockable_fopen_function, bool s
    int64_t mid = GetTimeMicros();

    try {
-        FILE* filestr{mockable_fopen_function(GetDataDir() / "mempool.dat.new", "wb")};
+        FILE* filestr{mockable_fopen_function(gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / "mempool.dat.new", "wb")};
        if (!filestr) {
            return false;
        }
@ -5020,7 +5020,7 @@ bool DumpMempool(const CTxMemPool& pool, FopenFn mockable_fopen_function, bool s
        if (!skip_file_commit && !FileCommit(file.Get()))
            throw std::runtime_error("FileCommit failed");
        file.fclose();
-        if (!RenameOver(GetDataDir() / "mempool.dat.new", GetDataDir() / "mempool.dat")) {
+        if (!RenameOver(gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / "mempool.dat.new", gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / "mempool.dat")) {
            throw std::runtime_error("Rename failed");
        }
        int64_t last = GetTimeMicros();
--- a/src/wallet/db.h
+++ b/src/wallet/db.h
@ -222,6 +222,7 @@ enum class DatabaseStatus {
    FAILED_LOAD,
    FAILED_VERIFY,
    FAILED_ENCRYPT,
+    FAILED_INVALID_BACKUP_FILE,
 };

 /** Recursively list database paths in directory. */
--- a/src/wallet/interfaces.cpp
+++ b/src/wallet/interfaces.cpp
@ -607,6 +607,12 @@ public:
        assert(m_context.m_coinjoin_loader);
        return MakeWallet(LoadWallet(*m_context.chain, *m_context.m_coinjoin_loader, name, true /* load_on_start */, options, status, error, warnings));
    }
+    std::unique_ptr<Wallet> restoreWallet(const std::string& backup_file, const std::string& wallet_name, bilingual_str& error, std::vector<bilingual_str>& warnings) override
+    {
+        DatabaseStatus status;
+        assert(m_context.m_coinjoin_loader);
+        return MakeWallet(RestoreWallet(*m_context.chain, *m_context.m_coinjoin_loader, backup_file, wallet_name, /*load_on_start=*/true, status, error, warnings));
+    }
    std::string getWalletDir() override
    {
        return GetWalletDir().string();
--- a/src/wallet/rpcwallet.cpp
+++ b/src/wallet/rpcwallet.cpp
@ -2716,16 +2716,8 @@ static RPCHelpMan listwallets()
    };
 }

-static std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<CWallet>, std::vector<bilingual_str>> LoadWalletHelper(WalletContext& context, UniValue load_on_start_param, const std::string wallet_name)
+void HandleWalletError(const std::shared_ptr<CWallet> wallet, DatabaseStatus& status, bilingual_str& error)
 {
-    DatabaseOptions options;
-    DatabaseStatus status;
-    options.require_existing = true;
-    bilingual_str error;
-    std::vector<bilingual_str> warnings;
-    std::optional<bool> load_on_start = load_on_start_param.isNull() ? std::nullopt : std::optional<bool>(load_on_start_param.get_bool());
-    std::shared_ptr<CWallet> const wallet = LoadWallet(*context.chain, *context.m_coinjoin_loader, wallet_name, load_on_start, options, status, error, warnings);
-
    if (!wallet) {
        // Map bad format to not found, since bad format is returned when the
        // wallet directory exists, but doesn't contain a data file.
@ -2738,13 +2730,17 @@ static std::tuple<std::shared_ptr<CWallet>, std::vector<bilingual_str>> LoadWall
            case DatabaseStatus::FAILED_ALREADY_LOADED:
                code = RPC_WALLET_ALREADY_LOADED;
                break;
+            case DatabaseStatus::FAILED_ALREADY_EXISTS:
+                code = RPC_WALLET_ALREADY_EXISTS;
+                break;
+            case DatabaseStatus::FAILED_INVALID_BACKUP_FILE:
+                code = RPC_INVALID_PARAMETER;
+                break;
            default: // RPC_WALLET_ERROR is returned for all other cases.
                break;
        }
        throw JSONRPCError(code, error.original);
    }
-
-    return { wallet, warnings };
 }

 static RPCHelpMan upgradetohd()
@ -2872,7 +2868,15 @@ static RPCHelpMan loadwallet()
    WalletContext& context = EnsureWalletContext(request.context);
    const std::string name(request.params[0].get_str());

-    auto [wallet, warnings] = LoadWalletHelper(context, request.params[1], name);
+    DatabaseOptions options;
+    DatabaseStatus status;
+    options.require_existing = true;
+    bilingual_str error;
+    std::vector<bilingual_str> warnings;
+    std::optional<bool> load_on_start = request.params[1].isNull() ? std::nullopt : std::optional<bool>(request.params[1].get_bool());
+    std::shared_ptr<CWallet> const wallet = LoadWallet(*context.chain, *context.m_coinjoin_loader, name, load_on_start, options, status, error, warnings);
+
+    HandleWalletError(wallet, status, error);

    UniValue obj(UniValue::VOBJ);
    obj.pushKV("name", wallet->GetName());
@ -3072,27 +3076,17 @@ static RPCHelpMan restorewallet()

    std::string backup_file = request.params[1].get_str();

-    if (!fs::exists(backup_file)) {
-        throw JSONRPCError(RPC_INVALID_PARAMETER, "Backup file does not exist");
-    }
-
    std::string wallet_name = request.params[0].get_str();

-    const fs::path wallet_path = fsbridge::AbsPathJoin(GetWalletDir(), wallet_name);
+    std::optional<bool> load_on_start = request.params[2].isNull() ? std::nullopt : std::optional<bool>(request.params[2].get_bool());

-    if (fs::exists(wallet_path)) {
-        throw JSONRPCError(RPC_INVALID_PARAMETER, "Wallet name already exists.");
-    }
+    DatabaseStatus status;
+    bilingual_str error;
+    std::vector<bilingual_str> warnings;

-    if (!TryCreateDirectories(wallet_path)) {
-        throw JSONRPCError(RPC_WALLET_ERROR, strprintf("Failed to create database path '%s'. Database already exists.", wallet_path.string()));
-    }
+    const std::shared_ptr<CWallet> wallet = RestoreWallet(*context.chain, *context.m_coinjoin_loader, backup_file, wallet_name, load_on_start, status, error, warnings);

-    auto wallet_file = wallet_path / "wallet.dat";
-
-    fs::copy_file(backup_file, wallet_file, fs::copy_option::fail_if_exists);
-
-    auto [wallet, warnings] = LoadWalletHelper(context, request.params[2], wallet_name);
+    HandleWalletError(wallet, status, error);

    UniValue obj(UniValue::VOBJ);
    obj.pushKV("name", wallet->GetName());
--- a/src/wallet/test/db_tests.cpp
+++ b/src/wallet/test/db_tests.cpp
@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ static std::shared_ptr<BerkeleyEnvironment> GetWalletEnv(const fs::path& path, s
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(getwalletenv_file)
 {
    std::string test_name = "test_name.dat";
-    const fs::path datadir = GetDataDir();
+    const fs::path datadir = gArgs.GetDataDirNet();
    fs::path file_path = datadir / test_name;
 #if BOOST_VERSION >= 107700
    std::ofstream f(BOOST_FILESYSTEM_C_STR(file_path));
@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(getwalletenv_file)
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(getwalletenv_directory)
 {
    std::string expected_name = "wallet.dat";
-    const fs::path datadir = GetDataDir();
+    const fs::path datadir = gArgs.GetDataDirNet();

    std::string filename;
    std::shared_ptr<BerkeleyEnvironment> env = GetWalletEnv(datadir, filename);
@ -51,8 +51,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(getwalletenv_directory)

 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(getwalletenv_g_dbenvs_multiple)
 {
-    fs::path datadir = GetDataDir() / "1";
-    fs::path datadir_2 = GetDataDir() / "2";
+    fs::path datadir = gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / "1";
+    fs::path datadir_2 = gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / "2";
    std::string filename;

    std::shared_ptr<BerkeleyEnvironment> env_1 = GetWalletEnv(datadir, filename);
@ -65,8 +65,8 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(getwalletenv_g_dbenvs_multiple)

 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(getwalletenv_g_dbenvs_free_instance)
 {
-    fs::path datadir = GetDataDir() / "1";
-    fs::path datadir_2 = GetDataDir() / "2";
+    fs::path datadir = gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / "1";
+    fs::path datadir_2 = gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / "2";
    std::string filename;

    std::shared_ptr <BerkeleyEnvironment> env_1_a = GetWalletEnv(datadir, filename);
--- a/src/wallet/test/init_test_fixture.cpp
+++ b/src/wallet/test/init_test_fixture.cpp
@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ InitWalletDirTestingSetup::InitWalletDirTestingSetup(const std::string& chainNam
    std::string sep;
    sep += fs::path::preferred_separator;

-    m_datadir = GetDataDir();
+    m_datadir = gArgs.GetDataDirNet();
    m_cwd = fs::current_path();

    m_walletdir_path_cases["default"] = m_datadir / "wallets";
--- a/src/wallet/test/wallet_tests.cpp
+++ b/src/wallet/test/wallet_tests.cpp
@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_CASE(importwallet_rescan, TestChain100Setup)
    SetMockTime(KEY_TIME);
    m_coinbase_txns.emplace_back(CreateAndProcessBlock({}, GetScriptForRawPubKey(coinbaseKey.GetPubKey())).vtx[0]);

-    std::string backup_file = (GetDataDir() / "wallet.backup").string();
+    std::string backup_file = (gArgs.GetDataDirNet() / "wallet.backup").string();

    // Import key into wallet and call dumpwallet to create backup file.
    {
--- a/src/wallet/wallet.cpp
+++ b/src/wallet/wallet.cpp
@ -365,6 +365,38 @@ std::shared_ptr<CWallet> CreateWallet(interfaces::Chain& chain, interfaces::Coin
    return wallet;
 }

+std::shared_ptr<CWallet> RestoreWallet(interfaces::Chain& chain, interfaces::CoinJoin::Loader& coinjoin_loader, const std::string& backup_file, const std::string& wallet_name, std::optional<bool> load_on_start, DatabaseStatus& status, bilingual_str& error, std::vector<bilingual_str>& warnings)
+{
+    DatabaseOptions options;
+    options.require_existing = true;
+
+    if (!fs::exists(backup_file)) {
+        error = Untranslated("Backup file does not exist");
+        status = DatabaseStatus::FAILED_INVALID_BACKUP_FILE;
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    const fs::path wallet_path = fsbridge::AbsPathJoin(GetWalletDir(), wallet_name);
+
+    if (fs::exists(wallet_path) || !TryCreateDirectories(wallet_path)) {
+        error = Untranslated(strprintf("Failed to create database path '%s'. Database already exists.", wallet_path.string()));
+        status = DatabaseStatus::FAILED_ALREADY_EXISTS;
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    auto wallet_file = wallet_path / "wallet.dat";
+    fs::copy_file(backup_file, wallet_file, fs::copy_option::fail_if_exists);
+
+    auto wallet = LoadWallet(chain, coinjoin_loader, wallet_name, load_on_start, options, status, error, warnings);
+
+    if (!wallet) {
+        fs::remove(wallet_file);
+        fs::remove(wallet_path);
+    }
+
+    return wallet;
+}
+
 /** @defgroup mapWallet
 *
 * @{
--- a/src/wallet/wallet.h
+++ b/src/wallet/wallet.h
@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ std::vector<std::shared_ptr<CWallet>> GetWallets();
 std::shared_ptr<CWallet> GetWallet(const std::string& name);
 std::shared_ptr<CWallet> LoadWallet(interfaces::Chain& chain, interfaces::CoinJoin::Loader& coinjoin_loader, const std::string& name, std::optional<bool> load_on_start, const DatabaseOptions& options, DatabaseStatus& status, bilingual_str& error, std::vector<bilingual_str>& warnings);
 std::shared_ptr<CWallet> CreateWallet(interfaces::Chain& chain, interfaces::CoinJoin::Loader& coinjoin_loader, const std::string& name, std::optional<bool> load_on_start, DatabaseOptions& options, DatabaseStatus& status, bilingual_str& error, std::vector<bilingual_str>& warnings);
+std::shared_ptr<CWallet> RestoreWallet(interfaces::Chain& chain, interfaces::CoinJoin::Loader& coinjoin_loader, const std::string& backup_file, const std::string& wallet_name, std::optional<bool> load_on_start, DatabaseStatus& status, bilingual_str& error, std::vector<bilingual_str>& warnings);
 std::unique_ptr<interfaces::Handler> HandleLoadWallet(LoadWalletFn load_wallet);
 std::unique_ptr<WalletDatabase> MakeWalletDatabase(const std::string& name, const DatabaseOptions& options, DatabaseStatus& status, bilingual_str& error);

--- a/src/wallet/walletutil.cpp
+++ b/src/wallet/walletutil.cpp
@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ fs::path GetWalletDir()
            path = "";
        }
    } else {
-        path = GetDataDir();
+        path = gArgs.GetDataDirNet();
        // If a wallets directory exists, use that, otherwise default to GetDataDir
        if (fs::is_directory(path / "wallets")) {
            path /= "wallets";
--- a/test/functional/feature_cltv.py
+++ b/test/functional/feature_cltv.py
@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ Test that the CHECKLOCKTIMEVERIFY soft-fork activates at (regtest) block height
 from test_framework.blocktools import (
    create_block,
    create_coinbase,
-    create_transaction,
 )
 from test_framework.messages import (
    CTransaction,
@ -29,10 +28,8 @@ from test_framework.test_framework import BitcoinTestFramework
 from test_framework.util import (
    assert_equal,
    assert_raises_rpc_error,
-    hex_str_to_bytes,
 )
-
-from io import BytesIO
+from test_framework.wallet import MiniWallet

 CLTV_HEIGHT = 1351

@ -41,19 +38,14 @@ CLTV_HEIGHT = 1351
 # 1) prepending a given script to the scriptSig of vin 0 and
 # 2) (optionally) modify the nSequence of vin 0 and the tx's nLockTime
 def cltv_modify_tx(node, tx, prepend_scriptsig, nsequence=None, nlocktime=None):
+    assert_equal(len(tx.vin), 1)
    if nsequence is not None:
        tx.vin[0].nSequence = nsequence
        tx.nLockTime = nlocktime

-        # Need to re-sign, since nSequence and nLockTime changed
-        signed_result = node.signrawtransactionwithwallet(tx.serialize().hex())
-        new_tx = CTransaction()
-        new_tx.deserialize(BytesIO(hex_str_to_bytes(signed_result['hex'])))
-    else:
-        new_tx = tx
-
-    new_tx.vin[0].scriptSig = CScript(prepend_scriptsig + list(CScript(new_tx.vin[0].scriptSig)))
-    return new_tx
+    tx.vin[0].scriptSig = CScript(prepend_scriptsig + list(CScript(tx.vin[0].scriptSig)))
+    tx.rehash()
+    return tx


 def cltv_invalidate(node, tx, failure_reason):
@ -108,27 +100,23 @@ class BIP65Test(BitcoinTestFramework):
            },
        )

-    def skip_test_if_missing_module(self):
-        self.skip_if_no_wallet()
-
    def run_test(self):
        peer = self.nodes[0].add_p2p_connection(P2PInterface())
+        wallet = MiniWallet(self.nodes[0], raw_script=True)

        self.test_cltv_info(is_active=False)

        self.log.info("Mining %d blocks", CLTV_HEIGHT - 2)
-        self.coinbase_txids = [self.nodes[0].getblock(b)['tx'][0] for b in self.nodes[0].generate(CLTV_HEIGHT - 2)]
-        self.nodeaddress = self.nodes[0].getnewaddress()
+        wallet.generate(10)
+        self.nodes[0].generate(CLTV_HEIGHT - 2 - 10)

        self.log.info("Test that invalid-according-to-CLTV transactions can still appear in a block")

        # create one invalid tx per CLTV failure reason (5 in total) and collect them
        invalid_ctlv_txs = []
        for i in range(5):
-            spendtx = create_transaction(self.nodes[0], self.coinbase_txids[i],
-                                         self.nodeaddress, amount=1.0)
+            spendtx = wallet.create_self_transfer(from_node=self.nodes[0])['tx']
            spendtx = cltv_invalidate(self.nodes[0], spendtx, i)
-            spendtx.rehash()
            invalid_ctlv_txs.append(spendtx)

        tip = self.nodes[0].getbestblockhash()
@ -162,10 +150,8 @@ class BIP65Test(BitcoinTestFramework):

        # create and test one invalid tx per CLTV failure reason (5 in total)
        for i in range(5):
-            spendtx = create_transaction(self.nodes[0], self.coinbase_txids[10+i],
-                                         self.nodeaddress, amount=1.0)
+            spendtx = wallet.create_self_transfer(from_node=self.nodes[0])['tx']
            spendtx = cltv_invalidate(self.nodes[0], spendtx, i)
-            spendtx.rehash()

            expected_cltv_reject_reason = [
                "non-mandatory-script-verify-flag (Operation not valid with the current stack size)",
@ -191,7 +177,6 @@ class BIP65Test(BitcoinTestFramework):

        self.log.info("Test that a version 4 block with a valid-according-to-CLTV transaction is accepted")
        spendtx = cltv_validate(self.nodes[0], spendtx, CLTV_HEIGHT - 1)
-        spendtx.rehash()

        block.vtx.pop(1)
        block.vtx.append(spendtx)
--- a/test/functional/feature_nulldummy.py
+++ b/test/functional/feature_nulldummy.py
@ -22,7 +22,10 @@ from test_framework.blocktools import (
 from test_framework.messages import CTransaction
 from test_framework.script import CScript
 from test_framework.test_framework import BitcoinTestFramework
-from test_framework.util import assert_equal, assert_raises_rpc_error
+from test_framework.util import (
+    assert_equal,
+    assert_raises_rpc_error,
+)

 NULLDUMMY_ERROR = "non-mandatory-script-verify-flag (Dummy CHECKMULTISIG argument must be zero)"

@ -44,7 +47,12 @@ class NULLDUMMYTest(BitcoinTestFramework):
        # Need two nodes so GBT (getblocktemplate) doesn't complain that it's not connected.
        self.num_nodes = 2
        self.setup_clean_chain = True
-        self.extra_args = [['-whitelist=127.0.0.1', '-dip3params=105:105', '-bip147height=105']] * 2
+        self.extra_args = [[
+            '-whitelist=127.0.0.1',
+            '-dip3params=105:105',
+            '-bip147height=105',
+            '-par=1',  # Use only one script thread to get the exact reject reason for testing
+        ]] * 2

    def skip_test_if_missing_module(self):
        self.skip_if_no_wallet()
@ -74,7 +82,7 @@ class NULLDUMMYTest(BitcoinTestFramework):
        txid1 = self.nodes[0].sendrawtransaction(test1txs[0].serialize().hex(), 0)
        test1txs.append(create_transaction(self.nodes[0], txid1, self.ms_address, amount=48))
        txid2 = self.nodes[0].sendrawtransaction(test1txs[1].serialize().hex(), 0)
-        self.block_submit(self.nodes[0], test1txs, True)
+        self.block_submit(self.nodes[0], test1txs, accept=True)

        self.log.info("Test 2: Non-NULLDUMMY base multisig transaction should not be accepted to mempool before activation")
        test2tx = create_transaction(self.nodes[0], txid2, self.ms_address, amount=47)
@ -82,22 +90,22 @@ class NULLDUMMYTest(BitcoinTestFramework):
        assert_raises_rpc_error(-26, NULLDUMMY_ERROR, self.nodes[0].sendrawtransaction, test2tx.serialize().hex(), 0)

        self.log.info(f"Test 3: Non-NULLDUMMY base transactions should be accepted in a block before activation [{COINBASE_MATURITY + 4}]")
-        self.block_submit(self.nodes[0], [test2tx], True)
+        self.block_submit(self.nodes[0], [test2tx], accept=True)

        self.log.info("Test 4: Non-NULLDUMMY base multisig transaction is invalid after activation")
        test4tx = create_transaction(self.nodes[0], test2tx.hash, self.address, amount=46)
        test6txs=[CTransaction(test4tx)]
        trueDummy(test4tx)
        assert_raises_rpc_error(-26, NULLDUMMY_ERROR, self.nodes[0].sendrawtransaction, test4tx.serialize().hex(), 0)
-        self.block_submit(self.nodes[0], [test4tx])
+        self.block_submit(self.nodes[0], [test4tx], accept=False)

        self.log.info(f"Test 6: NULLDUMMY compliant base/witness transactions should be accepted to mempool and in block after activation [{COINBASE_MATURITY + 5}]")
        for i in test6txs:
            self.nodes[0].sendrawtransaction(i.serialize().hex(), 0)
-        self.block_submit(self.nodes[0], test6txs, True)
+        self.block_submit(self.nodes[0], test6txs, accept=True)


-    def block_submit(self, node, txs, accept = False):
+    def block_submit(self, node, txs, *, accept=False):
        dip4_activated = self.lastblockheight + 1 >= COINBASE_MATURITY + 5
        tmpl = node.getblocktemplate(NORMAL_GBT_REQUEST_PARAMS)
        assert_equal(tmpl['previousblockhash'], self.lastblockhash)
@ -109,8 +117,8 @@ class NULLDUMMYTest(BitcoinTestFramework):
        block.hashMerkleRoot = block.calc_merkle_root()
        block.rehash()
        block.solve()
-        assert_equal(None if accept else 'block-validation-failed', node.submitblock(block.serialize().hex()))
-        if (accept):
+        assert_equal(None if accept else NULLDUMMY_ERROR, node.submitblock(block.serialize().hex()))
+        if accept:
            assert_equal(node.getbestblockhash(), block.hash)
            self.lastblockhash = block.hash
            self.lastblocktime += 1
--- a/test/functional/mempool_spend_coinbase.py
+++ b/test/functional/mempool_spend_coinbase.py
@ -20,40 +20,41 @@ from test_framework.wallet import MiniWallet
 class MempoolSpendCoinbaseTest(BitcoinTestFramework):
    def set_test_params(self):
        self.num_nodes = 1
-        self.setup_clean_chain = True

    def run_test(self):
        wallet = MiniWallet(self.nodes[0])

-        wallet.generate(200)
-        chain_height = self.nodes[0].getblockcount()
-        assert_equal(chain_height, 200)
+        # Invalidate two blocks, so that miniwallet has access to a coin that will mature in the next block
+        chain_height = 198
+        self.nodes[0].invalidateblock(self.nodes[0].getblockhash(chain_height + 1))
+        assert_equal(chain_height, self.nodes[0].getblockcount())

        # Coinbase at height chain_height-100+1 ok in mempool, should
        # get mined. Coinbase at height chain_height-100+2 is
        # too immature to spend.
-        b = [self.nodes[0].getblockhash(n) for n in range(101, 103)]
-        coinbase_txids = [self.nodes[0].getblock(h)['tx'][0] for h in b]
-        utxo_101 = wallet.get_utxo(txid=coinbase_txids[0])
-        utxo_102 = wallet.get_utxo(txid=coinbase_txids[1])
+        wallet.scan_blocks(start=chain_height - 100 + 1, num=1)
+        utxo_mature = wallet.get_utxo()
+        wallet.scan_blocks(start=chain_height - 100 + 2, num=1)
+        utxo_immature = wallet.get_utxo()

-        spend_101_id = wallet.send_self_transfer(from_node=self.nodes[0], utxo_to_spend=utxo_101)["txid"]
+        spend_mature_id = wallet.send_self_transfer(from_node=self.nodes[0], utxo_to_spend=utxo_mature)["txid"]

-        # coinbase at height 102 should be too immature to spend
+        # other coinbase should be too immature to spend
+        immature_tx = wallet.create_self_transfer(from_node=self.nodes[0], utxo_to_spend=utxo_immature, mempool_valid=False)
        assert_raises_rpc_error(-26,
                                "bad-txns-premature-spend-of-coinbase",
-                                lambda: wallet.send_self_transfer(from_node=self.nodes[0], utxo_to_spend=utxo_102))
+                                lambda: self.nodes[0].sendrawtransaction(immature_tx['hex']))

-        # mempool should have just spend_101:
-        assert_equal(self.nodes[0].getrawmempool(), [spend_101_id])
+        # mempool should have just the mature one
+        assert_equal(self.nodes[0].getrawmempool(), [spend_mature_id])

-        # mine a block, spend_101 should get confirmed
+        # mine a block, mature one should get confirmed
        self.nodes[0].generate(1)
        assert_equal(set(self.nodes[0].getrawmempool()), set())

-        # ... and now height 102 can be spent:
-        spend_102_id = wallet.send_self_transfer(from_node=self.nodes[0], utxo_to_spend=utxo_102)["txid"]
-        assert_equal(self.nodes[0].getrawmempool(), [spend_102_id])
+        # ... and now previously immature can be spent:
+        spend_new_id = self.nodes[0].sendrawtransaction(immature_tx['hex'])
+        assert_equal(self.nodes[0].getrawmempool(), [spend_new_id])


 if __name__ == '__main__':
--- a/test/functional/test_framework/test_framework.py
+++ b/test/functional/test_framework/test_framework.py
@ -913,12 +913,13 @@ class BitcoinTestFramework(metaclass=BitcoinTestMetaClass):
            # This is needed so that we are out of IBD when the test starts,
            # see the tip age check in IsInitialBlockDownload().
            self.set_genesis_mocktime()
-            gen_addresses = [k.address for k in TestNode.PRIV_KEYS] + [ADDRESS_BCRT1_P2SH_OP_TRUE]
+            gen_addresses = [k.address for k in TestNode.PRIV_KEYS][:3] + [ADDRESS_BCRT1_P2SH_OP_TRUE]
+            assert_equal(len(gen_addresses), 4)
            for i in range(8):
                self.bump_mocktime((25 if i != 7 else 24) * 156)
                cache_node.generatetoaddress(
                    nblocks=25 if i != 7 else 24,
-                    address=gen_addresses[i % 4],
+                    address=gen_addresses[i % len(gen_addresses)],
                )

            assert_equal(cache_node.getblockchaininfo()["blocks"], 199)
--- a/test/functional/test_framework/wallet.py
+++ b/test/functional/test_framework/wallet.py
@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ from test_framework.messages import (
 from test_framework.script import (
    CScript,
    OP_TRUE,
+    OP_NOP,
 )
 from test_framework.util import (
    assert_equal,
@ -26,24 +27,32 @@ from test_framework.util import (


 class MiniWallet:
-    def __init__(self, test_node):
+    def __init__(self, test_node, *, raw_script=False):
        self._test_node = test_node
        self._utxos = []
-        self._address = ADDRESS_BCRT1_P2SH_OP_TRUE
-        self._scriptPubKey = hex_str_to_bytes(self._test_node.validateaddress(self._address)['scriptPubKey'])
+        if raw_script:
+            self._address = None
+            self._scriptPubKey = bytes(CScript([OP_TRUE]))
+        else:
+            self._address = ADDRESS_BCRT1_P2SH_OP_TRUE
+            self._scriptPubKey = hex_str_to_bytes(self._test_node.validateaddress(self._address)['scriptPubKey'])

    def scan_blocks(self, *, start=1, num):
        """Scan the blocks for self._address outputs and add them to self._utxos"""
        for i in range(start, start + num):
            block = self._test_node.getblock(blockhash=self._test_node.getblockhash(i), verbosity=2)
            for tx in block['tx']:
-                for out in tx['vout']:
-                    if out['scriptPubKey']['hex'] == self._scriptPubKey.hex():
-                        self._utxos.append({'txid': tx['txid'], 'vout': out['n'], 'value': out['value']})
+                self.scan_tx(tx)
+
+    def scan_tx(self, tx):
+        """Scan the tx for self._scriptPubKey outputs and add them to self._utxos"""
+        for out in tx['vout']:
+            if out['scriptPubKey']['hex'] == self._scriptPubKey.hex():
+                self._utxos.append({'txid': tx['txid'], 'vout': out['n'], 'value': out['value']})

    def generate(self, num_blocks):
        """Generate blocks with coinbase outputs to the internal address, and append the outputs to the internal list"""
-        blocks = self._test_node.generatetoaddress(num_blocks, self._address)
+        blocks = self._test_node.generatetodescriptor(num_blocks, f'raw({self._scriptPubKey.hex()})')
        for b in blocks:
            cb_tx = self._test_node.getblock(blockhash=b, verbosity=2)['tx'][0]
            self._utxos.append({'txid': cb_tx['txid'], 'vout': 0, 'value': cb_tx['vout'][0]['value']})
@ -69,6 +78,12 @@ class MiniWallet:

    def send_self_transfer(self, *, fee_rate=Decimal("0.003"), from_node, utxo_to_spend=None):
        """Create and send a tx with the specified fee_rate. Fee may be exact or at most one satoshi higher than needed."""
+        tx = self.create_self_transfer(fee_rate=fee_rate, from_node=from_node, utxo_to_spend=utxo_to_spend)
+        self.sendrawtransaction(from_node=from_node, tx_hex=tx['hex'])
+        return tx
+
+    def create_self_transfer(self, *, fee_rate=Decimal("0.003"), from_node, utxo_to_spend=None, mempool_valid=True):
+        """Create and return a tx with the specified fee_rate. Fee may be exact or at most one satoshi higher than needed."""
        self._utxos = sorted(self._utxos, key=lambda k: k['value'])
        utxo_to_spend = utxo_to_spend or self._utxos.pop()  # Pick the largest utxo (if none provided) and hope it covers the fee
        vsize = Decimal(85)
@ -79,12 +94,20 @@ class MiniWallet:
        tx = CTransaction()
        tx.vin = [CTxIn(COutPoint(int(utxo_to_spend['txid'], 16), utxo_to_spend['vout']))]
        tx.vout = [CTxOut(int(send_value * COIN), self._scriptPubKey)]
-        tx.vin[0].scriptSig = CScript([CScript([OP_TRUE])])
+        if not self._address:
+            # raw script
+            tx.vin[0].scriptSig = CScript([OP_NOP] * 24)  # pad to identical size
+        else:
+            tx.vin[0].scriptSig = CScript([CScript([OP_TRUE])])
        tx_hex = tx.serialize().hex()

        tx_info = from_node.testmempoolaccept([tx_hex])[0]
-        self._utxos.append({'txid': tx_info['txid'], 'vout': 0, 'value': send_value})
+        assert_equal(mempool_valid, tx_info['allowed'])
+        if mempool_valid:
+            assert_equal(len(tx_hex) // 2, vsize)
+            assert_equal(tx_info['fees']['base'], fee)
+        return {'txid': tx_info['txid'], 'hex': tx_hex, 'tx': tx}
+
+    def sendrawtransaction(self, *, from_node, tx_hex):
        from_node.sendrawtransaction(tx_hex)
-        assert_equal(len(tx_hex) // 2, vsize)
-        assert_equal(tx_info['fees']['base'], fee)
-        return {'txid': tx_info['txid'], 'hex': tx_hex}
+        self.scan_tx(from_node.decoderawtransaction(tx_hex))
--- a/test/functional/wallet_backup.py
+++ b/test/functional/wallet_backup.py
@ -107,17 +107,32 @@ class WalletBackupTest(BitcoinTestFramework):
        os.remove(os.path.join(self.nodes[1].datadir, self.chain, 'wallets', self.default_wallet_name, self.wallet_data_filename))
        os.remove(os.path.join(self.nodes[2].datadir, self.chain, 'wallets', self.default_wallet_name, self.wallet_data_filename))

+    def restore_invalid_wallet(self):
+        node = self.nodes[3]
+        invalid_wallet_file = os.path.join(self.nodes[0].datadir, 'invalid_wallet_file.bak')
+        open(invalid_wallet_file, 'a', encoding="utf8").write('invald wallet')
+        wallet_name = "res0"
+        not_created_wallet_file = os.path.join(node.datadir, self.chain, 'wallets', wallet_name)
+        error_message = "Wallet file verification failed. Failed to load database path '{}'. Data is not in recognized format.".format(not_created_wallet_file)
+        assert_raises_rpc_error(-18, error_message, node.restorewallet, wallet_name, invalid_wallet_file)
+        assert not os.path.exists(not_created_wallet_file)
+
    def restore_nonexistent_wallet(self):
        node = self.nodes[3]
        nonexistent_wallet_file = os.path.join(self.nodes[0].datadir, 'nonexistent_wallet.bak')
        wallet_name = "res0"
        assert_raises_rpc_error(-8, "Backup file does not exist", node.restorewallet, wallet_name, nonexistent_wallet_file)
+        not_created_wallet_file = os.path.join(node.datadir, self.chain, 'wallets', wallet_name)
+        assert not os.path.exists(not_created_wallet_file)

    def restore_wallet_existent_name(self):
        node = self.nodes[3]
-        wallet_file = os.path.join(self.nodes[0].datadir, 'wallet.bak')
+        backup_file = os.path.join(self.nodes[0].datadir, 'wallet.bak')
        wallet_name = "res0"
-        assert_raises_rpc_error(-8, "Wallet name already exists.", node.restorewallet, wallet_name, wallet_file)
+        wallet_file = os.path.join(node.datadir, self.chain, 'wallets', wallet_name)
+        error_message = "Failed to create database path '{}'. Database already exists.".format(wallet_file)
+        assert_raises_rpc_error(-36, error_message, node.restorewallet, wallet_name, backup_file)
+        assert os.path.exists(wallet_file)

    def init_three(self):
        self.init_wallet(0)
@ -179,6 +194,7 @@ class WalletBackupTest(BitcoinTestFramework):
        ##
        self.log.info("Restoring wallets on node 3 using backup files")

+        self.restore_invalid_wallet()
        self.restore_nonexistent_wallet()

        backup_file_0 = os.path.join(self.nodes[0].datadir, 'wallet.bak')
@ -189,6 +205,10 @@ class WalletBackupTest(BitcoinTestFramework):
        self.nodes[3].restorewallet("res1", backup_file_1)
        self.nodes[3].restorewallet("res2", backup_file_2)

+        assert os.path.exists(os.path.join(self.nodes[3].datadir, self.chain, 'wallets', "res0"))
+        assert os.path.exists(os.path.join(self.nodes[3].datadir, self.chain, 'wallets', "res1"))
+        assert os.path.exists(os.path.join(self.nodes[3].datadir, self.chain, 'wallets', "res2"))
+
        res0_rpc = self.nodes[3].get_wallet_rpc("res0")
        res1_rpc = self.nodes[3].get_wallet_rpc("res1")
        res2_rpc = self.nodes[3].get_wallet_rpc("res2")
--- a/test/util/bitcoin-util-test.py
+++ b/test/util/bitcoin-util-test.py
@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ Runs automatically during `make check`.
 Can also be run manually."""

 import argparse
-import binascii
 import configparser
 import difflib
 import json
@ -167,7 +166,7 @@ def parse_output(a, fmt):
    if fmt == 'json':  # json: compare parsed data
        return json.loads(a)
    elif fmt == 'hex':  # hex: parse and compare binary data
-        return binascii.a2b_hex(a.strip())
+        return bytes.fromhex(a.strip())
    else:
        raise NotImplementedError("Don't know how to compare %s" % fmt)