Merge 47972aab8c into dd96032e12

3bbe16c390 build: stop tracking cmake dependency relic_conf.h.in (Kittywhiskers Van Gogh)
efd5c566da Squashed 'src/dashbls/' changes from 7e747e8a07..0bb5c5b032 (Kittywhiskers Van Gogh)
257fd5ef9e revert: stop tracking cmake dependency relic_conf.h.in (Kittywhiskers Van Gogh)

Pull request description:

  ## Additional Information

  * Dependency for https://github.com/dashpay/dash/pull/6493
  * Expected subtree hash `7bec74f04710e6031590283cf405e3f141bc63310cafe5e70aae9b8d4c98cbef` (see [instructions](https://github.com/dashpay/dash/pull/6323#pullrequestreview-2357380766) to calculate)
  * Includes [bls-signatures#75](https://github.com/dashpay/bls-signatures/pull/75) and [bls-signatures#106](https://github.com/dashpay/bls-signatures/pull/106)

  ## Breaking Changes

  None expected.

  ## Checklist:

  - [x] I have performed a self-review of my own code **(note: N/A)**
  - [x]  I have commented my code, particularly in hard-to-understand areas **(note: N/A)**
  - [x] I have added or updated relevant unit/integration/functional/e2e tests **(note: N/A)**
  - [x] I have made corresponding changes to the documentation **(note: N/A)**
  - [x] I have assigned this pull request to a milestone _(for repository code-owners and collaborators only)_

ACKs for top commit:
  PastaPastaPasta:
    utACK 3bbe16c390
  UdjinM6:
    subtree looks good, utACK 3bbe16c390

Tree-SHA512: 3f6853f90dfe5e3040189742858b6728e4ab505513202216f1e2f7213569798d2f2e346d73ece7505f87dc2439fde4c3a51472461163fc7c21734a734cbc0bdb

src/bls/bls.h

@@ -123,6 +123,14 @@ public:
         cachedHash.SetNull();
     }
 
+    std::array<uint8_t, SerSize> ToBytes(const bool specificLegacyScheme) const
+    {
+        if (!fValid) {
+            return std::array<uint8_t, SerSize>{};
+        }
+        return impl.SerializeToArray(specificLegacyScheme);
+    }
+
     std::vector<uint8_t> ToByteVector(const bool specificLegacyScheme) const
     {
         if (!fValid) {
@@ -131,9 +139,9 @@ public:
         return impl.Serialize(specificLegacyScheme);
     }
 
-    std::vector<uint8_t> ToByteVector() const
+    std::array<uint8_t, SerSize> ToBytes() const
     {
-        return ToByteVector(bls::bls_legacy_scheme.load());
+        return ToBytes(bls::bls_legacy_scheme.load());
     }
 
     const uint256& GetHash() const
@@ -167,7 +175,7 @@ public:
     template <typename Stream>
     inline void Serialize(Stream& s, const bool specificLegacyScheme) const
     {
-        s.write(AsBytes(Span{ToByteVector(specificLegacyScheme).data(), SerSize}));
+        s.write(AsBytes(Span{ToBytes(specificLegacyScheme)}));
     }
 
     template <typename Stream>
@@ -206,7 +214,7 @@ public:
 
     inline bool CheckMalleable(Span<uint8_t> vecBytes, const bool specificLegacyScheme) const
     {
-        if (memcmp(vecBytes.data(), ToByteVector(specificLegacyScheme).data(), SerSize)) {
+        if (memcmp(vecBytes.data(), ToBytes(specificLegacyScheme).data(), SerSize)) {
             // TODO not sure if this is actually possible with the BLS libs. I'm assuming here that somewhere deep inside
             // these libs masking might happen, so that 2 different binary representations could result in the same object
             // representation
@@ -222,7 +230,7 @@ public:
 
     inline std::string ToString(const bool specificLegacyScheme) const
     {
-        std::vector<uint8_t> buf = ToByteVector(specificLegacyScheme);
+        auto buf = ToBytes(specificLegacyScheme);
         return HexStr(buf);
     }
 
@@ -245,10 +253,12 @@ struct CBLSIdImplicit : public uint256
         memcpy(instance.begin(), buffer, sizeof(CBLSIdImplicit));
         return instance;
     }
-    [[nodiscard]] std::vector<uint8_t> Serialize(const bool fLegacy) const
+    [[nodiscard]] std::vector<uint8_t> SerializeToVec(const bool fLegacy) const
     {
         return {begin(), end()};
     }
+    [[nodiscard]] std::array<uint8_t, WIDTH> Serialize(const bool fLegacy) const { return m_data; }
+    [[nodiscard]] std::array<uint8_t, WIDTH> SerializeToArray(const bool fLegacy) const { return Serialize(fLegacy); }
 };
 
 class CBLSId : public CBLSWrapper<CBLSIdImplicit, BLS_CURVE_ID_SIZE, CBLSId>
@@ -381,7 +391,7 @@ class CBLSLazyWrapper
 private:
     mutable std::mutex mutex;
 
-    mutable std::vector<uint8_t> vecBytes;
+    mutable std::array<uint8_t, BLSObject::SerSize> vecBytes{};
     mutable bool bufValid{false};
     mutable bool bufLegacyScheme{true};
 
@@ -392,7 +402,6 @@ private:
 
 public:
     CBLSLazyWrapper() :
-            vecBytes(BLSObject::SerSize, 0),
             bufLegacyScheme(bls::bls_legacy_scheme.load())
     {}
 
@@ -410,7 +419,6 @@ public:
         if (r.bufValid) {
             vecBytes = r.vecBytes;
         } else {
-            vecBytes.resize(BLSObject::SerSize);
             std::fill(vecBytes.begin(), vecBytes.end(), 0);
         }
         objInitialized = r.objInitialized;
@@ -433,10 +441,9 @@ public:
     {
         std::unique_lock<std::mutex> l(mutex);
         if (!objInitialized && !bufValid) {
-            vecBytes.resize(BLSObject::SerSize);
             std::fill(vecBytes.begin(), vecBytes.end(), 0);
         } else if (!bufValid || (bufLegacyScheme != specificLegacyScheme)) {
-            vecBytes = obj.ToByteVector(specificLegacyScheme);
+            vecBytes = obj.ToBytes(specificLegacyScheme);
             bufValid = true;
             bufLegacyScheme = specificLegacyScheme;
             hash.SetNull();
@@ -518,11 +525,10 @@ public:
     {
         std::unique_lock<std::mutex> l(mutex);
         if (!objInitialized && !bufValid) {
-            vecBytes.resize(BLSObject::SerSize);
             std::fill(vecBytes.begin(), vecBytes.end(), 0);
             hash.SetNull();
         } else if (!bufValid) {
-            vecBytes = obj.ToByteVector(bufLegacyScheme);
+            vecBytes = obj.ToBytes(bufLegacyScheme);
             bufValid = true;
             hash.SetNull();
         }

src/bls/bls_ies.cpp

@@ -49,8 +49,7 @@ bool CBLSIESEncryptedBlob::Encrypt(size_t idx, const CBLSPublicKey& peerPubKey,
         return false;
     }
 
-    std::vector<unsigned char> symKey = pk.ToByteVector();
-    symKey.resize(32);
+    auto symKey = pk.ToBytes();
 
     uint256 iv = GetIV(idx);
     return EncryptBlob(plainTextData, dataSize, data, symKey.data(), iv.begin());
@@ -63,10 +62,9 @@ bool CBLSIESEncryptedBlob::Decrypt(size_t idx, const CBLSSecretKey& secretKey, C
         return false;
     }
 
-    std::vector<unsigned char> symKey = pk.ToByteVector();
-    symKey.resize(32);
-
     uint256 iv = GetIV(idx);
+    auto symKey = pk.ToBytes();
+
     return DecryptBlob(data.data(), data.size(), decryptedDataRet, symKey.data(), iv.begin());
 }
 
@@ -117,8 +115,7 @@ bool CBLSIESMultiRecipientBlobs::Encrypt(size_t idx, const CBLSPublicKey& recipi
         return false;
     }
 
-    std::vector<uint8_t> symKey = pk.ToByteVector();
-    symKey.resize(32);
+    auto symKey = pk.ToBytes();
 
     return EncryptBlob(blob.data(), blob.size(), blobs[idx], symKey.data(), ivVector[idx].begin());
 }
@@ -134,13 +131,11 @@ bool CBLSIESMultiRecipientBlobs::Decrypt(size_t idx, const CBLSSecretKey& sk, Bl
         return false;
     }
 
-    std::vector<uint8_t> symKey = pk.ToByteVector();
-    symKey.resize(32);
-
     uint256 iv = ivSeed;
     for (size_t i = 0; i < idx; i++) {
         iv = ::SerializeHash(iv);
     }
+    auto symKey = pk.ToBytes();
 
     return DecryptBlob(blobs[idx].data(), blobs[idx].size(), blobRet, symKey.data(), iv.begin());
 }

src/coinjoin/coinjoin.cpp

@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ bool CCoinJoinQueue::Sign(const CActiveMasternodeManager& mn_activeman)
     if (!sig.IsValid()) {
         return false;
     }
-    vchSig = sig.ToByteVector(false);
+    vchSig = sig.ToBytes(false);
 
     return true;
 }
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ bool CCoinJoinBroadcastTx::Sign(const CActiveMasternodeManager& mn_activeman)
     if (!sig.IsValid()) {
         return false;
     }
-    vchSig = sig.ToByteVector(false);
+    vchSig = sig.ToBytes(false);
 
     return true;
 }

src/coinjoin/coinjoin.h

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 
 #include <coinjoin/common.h>
 
+#include <bls/bls.h>
 #include <core_io.h>
 #include <netaddress.h>
 #include <primitives/block.h>
@@ -183,7 +184,7 @@ public:
     uint256 m_protxHash;
     int64_t nTime{0};
     bool fReady{false}; //ready for submit
-    std::vector<unsigned char> vchSig;
+    std::array<unsigned char, BLS_CURVE_SIG_SIZE> vchSig;
     // memory only
     bool fTried{false};
 
@@ -243,7 +244,7 @@ public:
     CTransactionRef tx;
     COutPoint masternodeOutpoint;
     uint256 m_protxHash;
-    std::vector<unsigned char> vchSig;
+    std::array<unsigned char, BLS_CURVE_SIG_SIZE> vchSig;
     int64_t sigTime{0};
     CCoinJoinBroadcastTx() :
         tx(MakeTransactionRef(CMutableTransaction{}))

src/dashbls/configure.ac

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 AC_PREREQ([2.60])
-AC_INIT([libdashbls],[1.3.4])
+AC_INIT([libdashbls],[1.3.5])
 AC_CONFIG_AUX_DIR([build-aux])
 AC_CONFIG_MACRO_DIR([build-aux/m4])
 

src/dashbls/include/dashbls/elements.hpp

@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ public:
     GTElement Pair(const G2Element &b) const;
     uint32_t GetFingerprint(bool fLegacy = false) const;
     std::vector<uint8_t> Serialize(bool fLegacy = false) const;
+    std::array<uint8_t, SIZE> SerializeToArray(bool fLegacy = false) const;
     G1Element Copy();
 
     friend bool operator==(const G1Element &a, const G1Element &b);
@@ -102,6 +103,7 @@ public:
     G2Element Negate() const;
     GTElement Pair(const G1Element &a) const;
     std::vector<uint8_t> Serialize(bool fLegacy = false) const;
+    std::array<uint8_t, G2Element::SIZE> SerializeToArray(bool fLegacy = false) const;
     G2Element Copy();
 
     friend bool operator==(G2Element const &a, G2Element const &b);
@@ -127,6 +129,7 @@ public:
 
     void Serialize(uint8_t *buffer) const;
     std::vector<uint8_t> Serialize() const;
+    std::array<uint8_t, SIZE> SerializeToArray() const;
 
     friend bool operator==(GTElement const &a, GTElement const &b);
     friend bool operator!=(GTElement const &a, GTElement const &b);

src/dashbls/include/dashbls/privatekey.hpp

@@ -82,6 +82,7 @@ class PrivateKey {
     // Serialize the key into bytes
     void Serialize(uint8_t *buffer) const;
     std::vector<uint8_t> Serialize(bool fLegacy = false) const;
+    std::array<uint8_t, PrivateKey::PRIVATE_KEY_SIZE> SerializeToArray(bool fLegacy = false) const;
 
     G2Element SignG2(
         const uint8_t *msg,

src/dashbls/src/elements.cpp

@@ -171,11 +171,16 @@ uint32_t G1Element::GetFingerprint(const bool fLegacy) const
 }
 
 std::vector<uint8_t> G1Element::Serialize(const bool fLegacy) const {
+    const auto arr = G1Element::SerializeToArray(fLegacy);
+    return std::vector<uint8_t>{arr.begin(), arr.end()};
+}
+
+std::array<uint8_t, G1Element::SIZE> G1Element::SerializeToArray(const bool fLegacy) const {
     uint8_t buffer[G1Element::SIZE + 1];
     g1_write_bin(buffer, G1Element::SIZE + 1, p, 1);
 
+    std::array<uint8_t, G1Element::SIZE> result{};
     if (buffer[0] == 0x00) {  // infinity
-        std::vector<uint8_t> result(G1Element::SIZE, 0);
         result[0] = 0xc0;
         return result;
     }
@@ -187,7 +192,9 @@ std::vector<uint8_t> G1Element::Serialize(const bool fLegacy) const {
     if (!fLegacy) {
         buffer[1] |= 0x80;  // indicate compression
     }
-    return std::vector<uint8_t>(buffer + 1, buffer + 1 + G1Element::SIZE);
+
+    std::copy_n(buffer + 1, G1Element::SIZE, result.begin());
+    return result;
 }
 
 bool operator==(const G1Element & a, const G1Element &b)
@@ -386,11 +393,18 @@ G2Element G2Element::Negate() const
 GTElement G2Element::Pair(const G1Element& a) const { return a & (*this); }
 
 std::vector<uint8_t> G2Element::Serialize(const bool fLegacy) const {
+    const auto arr = G2Element::SerializeToArray(fLegacy);
+    return std::vector<uint8_t>{arr.begin(), arr.end()};
+}
+
+std::array<uint8_t, G2Element::SIZE> G2Element::SerializeToArray(const bool fLegacy) const {
     uint8_t buffer[G2Element::SIZE + 1];
     g2_write_bin(buffer, G2Element::SIZE + 1, (g2_st*)q, 1);
 
+    std::array<uint8_t, G2Element::SIZE> result{};
+
     if (buffer[0] == 0x00) {  // infinity
-        std::vector<uint8_t> result(G2Element::SIZE, 0);
+        result.fill(0);
         result[0] = 0xc0;
         return result;
     }
@@ -410,7 +424,6 @@ std::vector<uint8_t> G2Element::Serialize(const bool fLegacy) const {
         }
     }
 
-    std::vector<uint8_t> result(G2Element::SIZE, 0);
     if (fLegacy) {
         std::memcpy(result.data(), buffer + 1, G2Element::SIZE);
     } else {
@@ -551,4 +564,11 @@ std::vector<uint8_t> GTElement::Serialize() const
     return data;
 }
 
+std::array<uint8_t, GTElement::SIZE> GTElement::SerializeToArray() const
+{
+    std::array<uint8_t, GTElement::SIZE> data{};
+    Serialize(data.data());
+    return data;
+}
+
 }  // end namespace bls

src/dashbls/src/privatekey.cpp

@@ -284,6 +284,13 @@ std::vector<uint8_t> PrivateKey::Serialize(const bool fLegacy) const
     return data;
 }
 
+std::array<uint8_t, PrivateKey::PRIVATE_KEY_SIZE> PrivateKey::SerializeToArray(bool fLegacy) const
+{
+    std::array<uint8_t, PRIVATE_KEY_SIZE> data{};
+    Serialize(data.data());
+    return data;
+}
+
 G2Element PrivateKey::SignG2(
     const uint8_t *msg,
     size_t len,

src/dashbls/src/test-bench.cpp

@@ -31,21 +31,21 @@ using namespace bls;
 void benchSigs() {
     string testName = "Signing";
     const int numIters = 5000;
-    PrivateKey sk = AugSchemeMPL().KeyGen(getRandomSeed());
+    PrivateKey sk = BasicSchemeMPL().KeyGen(getRandomSeed());
     vector<uint8_t> message1 = sk.GetG1Element().Serialize();
 
     auto start = startStopwatch();
 
     for (int i = 0; i < numIters; i++) {
-        AugSchemeMPL().Sign(sk, message1);
+        BasicSchemeMPL().Sign(sk, message1);
     }
     endStopwatch(testName, start, numIters);
 }
 
 void benchVerification() {
     string testName = "Verification";
-    const int numIters = 10000;
-    PrivateKey sk = AugSchemeMPL().KeyGen(getRandomSeed());
+    const int numIters = 1000;
+    PrivateKey sk = BasicSchemeMPL().KeyGen(getRandomSeed());
     G1Element pk = sk.GetG1Element();
 
     std::vector<G2Element> sigs;
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ void benchVerification() {
         uint8_t message[4];
         Util::IntToFourBytes(message, i);
         vector<uint8_t> messageBytes(message, message + 4);
-        sigs.push_back(AugSchemeMPL().Sign(sk, messageBytes));
+        sigs.push_back(BasicSchemeMPL().Sign(sk, messageBytes));
     }
 
     auto start = startStopwatch();
@@ -62,34 +62,36 @@ void benchVerification() {
         uint8_t message[4];
         Util::IntToFourBytes(message, i);
         vector<uint8_t> messageBytes(message, message + 4);
-        bool ok = AugSchemeMPL().Verify(pk, messageBytes, sigs[i]);
+        bool ok = BasicSchemeMPL().Verify(pk, messageBytes, sigs[i]);
         ASSERT(ok);
     }
     endStopwatch(testName, start, numIters);
 }
 
 void benchBatchVerification() {
-    const int numIters = 100000;
+    const int numIters = 10000;
 
     vector<vector<uint8_t>> sig_bytes;
     vector<vector<uint8_t>> pk_bytes;
     vector<vector<uint8_t>> ms;
 
+    auto start = startStopwatch();
     for (int i = 0; i < numIters; i++) {
         uint8_t message[4];
         Util::IntToFourBytes(message, i);
         vector<uint8_t> messageBytes(message, message + 4);
-        PrivateKey sk = AugSchemeMPL().KeyGen(getRandomSeed());
+        PrivateKey sk = BasicSchemeMPL().KeyGen(getRandomSeed());
         G1Element pk = sk.GetG1Element();
-        sig_bytes.push_back(AugSchemeMPL().Sign(sk, messageBytes).Serialize());
+        sig_bytes.push_back(BasicSchemeMPL().Sign(sk, messageBytes).Serialize());
         pk_bytes.push_back(pk.Serialize());
         ms.push_back(messageBytes);
     }
+    endStopwatch("Batch verification preparation", start, numIters);
 
     vector<G1Element> pks;
     pks.reserve(numIters);
 
-    auto start = startStopwatch();
+    start = startStopwatch();
     for (auto const& pk : pk_bytes) {
         pks.emplace_back(G1Element::FromBytes(Bytes(pk)));
     }
@@ -105,52 +107,71 @@ void benchBatchVerification() {
     endStopwatch("Signature validation", start, numIters);
 
     start = startStopwatch();
-    G2Element aggSig = AugSchemeMPL().Aggregate(sigs);
+    G2Element aggSig = BasicSchemeMPL().Aggregate(sigs);
     endStopwatch("Aggregation", start, numIters);
 
     start = startStopwatch();
-    bool ok = AugSchemeMPL().AggregateVerify(pks, ms, aggSig);
+    bool ok = BasicSchemeMPL().AggregateVerify(pks, ms, aggSig);
     ASSERT(ok);
     endStopwatch("Batch verification", start, numIters);
 }
 
-void benchFastAggregateVerification() {
-    const int numIters = 5000;
-
-    vector<G2Element> sigs;
-    vector<G1Element> pks;
-    vector<uint8_t> message = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8};
-    vector<G2Element> pops;
-
-    for (int i = 0; i < numIters; i++) {
-        PrivateKey sk = PopSchemeMPL().KeyGen(getRandomSeed());
+void benchSerialize() {
+    const int numIters = 5000000;
+    PrivateKey sk = BasicSchemeMPL().KeyGen(getRandomSeed());
     G1Element pk = sk.GetG1Element();
-        sigs.push_back(PopSchemeMPL().Sign(sk, message));
-        pops.push_back(PopSchemeMPL().PopProve(sk));
-        pks.push_back(pk);
-    }
+    vector<uint8_t> message = sk.GetG1Element().Serialize();
+    G2Element sig = BasicSchemeMPL().Sign(sk, message);
 
     auto start = startStopwatch();
-    G2Element aggSig = PopSchemeMPL().Aggregate(sigs);
-    endStopwatch("PopScheme Aggregation", start, numIters);
-
+    for (int i = 0; i < numIters; i++) {
+        sk.Serialize();
+    }
+    endStopwatch("Serialize PrivateKey", start, numIters);
 
     start = startStopwatch();
     for (int i = 0; i < numIters; i++) {
-        bool ok = PopSchemeMPL().PopVerify(pks[i], pops[i]);
-        ASSERT(ok);
+        pk.Serialize();
     }
-    endStopwatch("PopScheme Proofs verification", start, numIters);
+    endStopwatch("Serialize G1Element", start, numIters);
 
     start = startStopwatch();
-    bool ok = PopSchemeMPL().FastAggregateVerify(pks, message, aggSig);
-    ASSERT(ok);
-    endStopwatch("PopScheme verification", start, numIters);
+    for (int i = 0; i < numIters; i++) {
+        sig.Serialize();
+    }
+    endStopwatch("Serialize G2Element", start, numIters);
+}
+
+void benchSerializeToArray() {
+    const int numIters = 5000000;
+    PrivateKey sk = BasicSchemeMPL().KeyGen(getRandomSeed());
+    G1Element pk = sk.GetG1Element();
+    vector<uint8_t> message = sk.GetG1Element().Serialize();
+    G2Element sig = BasicSchemeMPL().Sign(sk, message);
+
+    auto start = startStopwatch();
+    for (int i = 0; i < numIters; i++) {
+        sk.SerializeToArray();
+    }
+    endStopwatch("SerializeToArray PrivateKey", start, numIters);
+
+    start = startStopwatch();
+    for (int i = 0; i < numIters; i++) {
+        pk.SerializeToArray();
+    }
+    endStopwatch("SerializeToArray G1Element", start, numIters);
+
+    start = startStopwatch();
+    for (int i = 0; i < numIters; i++) {
+        sig.SerializeToArray();
+    }
+    endStopwatch("SerializeToArray G2Element", start, numIters);
 }
 
 int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
     benchSigs();
     benchVerification();
     benchBatchVerification();
-    benchFastAggregateVerification();
+    benchSerialize();
+    benchSerializeToArray();
 }

src/llmq/dkgsession.cpp

@@ -1016,12 +1016,12 @@ void CDKGSession::SendCommitment(CDKGPendingMessages& pendingMessages, PeerManag
 
     if (lieType == 3) {
         const bool is_bls_legacy = bls::bls_legacy_scheme.load();
-        std::vector<uint8_t> buf = qc.sig.ToByteVector(is_bls_legacy);
+        auto buf = qc.sig.ToBytes(is_bls_legacy);
         buf[5]++;
         qc.sig.SetByteVector(buf, is_bls_legacy);
     } else if (lieType == 4) {
         const bool is_bls_legacy = bls::bls_legacy_scheme.load();
-        std::vector<uint8_t> buf = qc.quorumSig.ToByteVector(is_bls_legacy);
+        auto buf = qc.quorumSig.ToBytes(is_bls_legacy);
         buf[5]++;
         qc.quorumSig.SetByteVector(buf, is_bls_legacy);
     }

src/serialize.h

@@ -820,6 +820,9 @@ template<typename Stream, unsigned int N, typename T> inline void Unserialize(St
 template<typename Stream, typename T, typename A> inline void Serialize(Stream& os, const std::vector<T, A>& v);
 template<typename Stream, typename T, typename A> inline void Unserialize(Stream& is, std::vector<T, A>& v);
 
+template <typename Stream, typename T, std::size_t N> void Serialize(Stream& os, const std::array<T, N>& a);
+template <typename Stream, typename T, std::size_t N> void Unserialize(Stream& is, std::array<T, N>& a);
+
 /**
  * pair
  */
@@ -1051,6 +1054,54 @@ void Unserialize(Stream& is, std::vector<T, A>& v)
     }
 }
 
+/**
+ * array
+ */
+template <typename Stream, typename T, std::size_t N>
+void Serialize(Stream& os, const std::array<T, N>& a)
+{
+    if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, unsigned char>) {
+        // Directly write the byte data without writing the size
+        if (!a.empty()) {
+            os.write(MakeByteSpan(a));
+        }
+    }
+    else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, bool>) {
+        // Serialize each bool individually
+        for (const bool& elem : a) {
+            ::Serialize(os, elem);
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        // Serialize each element using the default Serialize function
+        for (const T& elem : a) {
+            ::Serialize(os, elem);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+template <typename Stream, typename T, std::size_t N>
+void Unserialize(Stream& is, std::array<T, N>& a)
+{
+    if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, unsigned char>) {
+        // Directly read the byte data without reading the size
+        if (N > 0) {
+            is.read(AsWritableBytes(Span{a}));
+        }
+    }
+    else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<T, bool>) {
+        // Unserialize each bool individually
+        for (bool& elem : a) {
+            ::Unserialize(is, elem);
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        // Unserialize each element using the default Unserialize function
+        for (T& elem : a) {
+            ::Unserialize(is, elem);
+        }
+    }
+}
 
 /**
  * pair