dash/src/util.cpp

// Copyright (c) 2009-2010 Satoshi Nakamoto
// Copyright (c) 2009-2015 The Bitcoin Core developers
// Copyright (c) 2014-2019 The Dash Core developers
// Distributed under the MIT software license, see the accompanying
// file COPYING or http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php.

#if defined(HAVE_CONFIG_H)
#include "config/dash-config.h"
#endif

#include "util.h"

#include "support/allocators/secure.h"
#include "chainparamsbase.h"
#include "ctpl.h"
#include "fs.h"
#include "random.h"
#include "serialize.h"
#include "stacktraces.h"
#include "utilstrencodings.h"
#include "utiltime.h"

#include <stdarg.h>

#if (defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__OpenBSD__) || defined(__DragonFly__))
#include <pthread.h>
#include <pthread_np.h>
#endif

#ifndef WIN32
// for posix_fallocate
#ifdef __linux__

#ifdef _POSIX_C_SOURCE
#undef _POSIX_C_SOURCE
#endif

#define _POSIX_C_SOURCE 200112L

#endif // __linux__

#include <algorithm>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/resource.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>

#else

#ifdef _MSC_VER
#pragma warning(disable:4786)
#pragma warning(disable:4804)
#pragma warning(disable:4805)
#pragma warning(disable:4717)
#endif

#ifdef _WIN32_WINNT
#undef _WIN32_WINNT
#endif
#define _WIN32_WINNT 0x0501

#ifdef _WIN32_IE
#undef _WIN32_IE
#endif
#define _WIN32_IE 0x0501

#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN 1
#ifndef NOMINMAX
#define NOMINMAX
#endif

#include <io.h> /* for _commit */
#include <shlobj.h>
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_SYS_PRCTL_H
#include <sys/prctl.h>
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_MALLOPT_ARENA_MAX
#include <malloc.h>
#endif

#include <boost/algorithm/string/case_conv.hpp> // for to_lower()
#include <boost/algorithm/string/join.hpp>
#include <boost/algorithm/string/predicate.hpp> // for startswith() and endswith()
#include <boost/algorithm/string/split.hpp>
#include <boost/algorithm/string/classification.hpp>
#include <boost/program_options/detail/config_file.hpp>
#include <boost/program_options/parsers.hpp>
#include <boost/thread.hpp>
#include <openssl/crypto.h>
#include <openssl/rand.h>
#include <openssl/conf.h>

// Application startup time (used for uptime calculation)
const int64_t nStartupTime = GetTime();

//Dash only features
bool fMasternodeMode = false;
bool fLiteMode = false;
/**
    nWalletBackups:
        1..10   - number of automatic backups to keep
        0       - disabled by command-line
        -1      - disabled because of some error during run-time
        -2      - disabled because wallet was locked and we were not able to replenish keypool
*/
int nWalletBackups = 10;

const char * const BITCOIN_CONF_FILENAME = "dash.conf";
const char * const BITCOIN_PID_FILENAME = "dashd.pid";
const char * const DEFAULT_DEBUGLOGFILE = "debug.log";

ArgsManager gArgs;
bool fPrintToConsole = false;
bool fPrintToDebugLog = true;

bool fLogTimestamps = DEFAULT_LOGTIMESTAMPS;
bool fLogTimeMicros = DEFAULT_LOGTIMEMICROS;
bool fLogThreadNames = DEFAULT_LOGTHREADNAMES;
bool fLogIPs = DEFAULT_LOGIPS;
std::atomic<bool> fReopenDebugLog(false);
CTranslationInterface translationInterface;

/** Log categories bitfield. */
std::atomic<uint64_t> logCategories(0);

/** Init OpenSSL library multithreading support */
static std::unique_ptr<CCriticalSection[]> ppmutexOpenSSL;
void locking_callback(int mode, int i, const char* file, int line) NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS
{
    if (mode & CRYPTO_LOCK) {
        ENTER_CRITICAL_SECTION(ppmutexOpenSSL[i]);
    } else {
        LEAVE_CRITICAL_SECTION(ppmutexOpenSSL[i]);
    }
}

// Singleton for wrapping OpenSSL setup/teardown.
class CInit
{
public:
    CInit()
    {
        // Init OpenSSL library multithreading support
        ppmutexOpenSSL.reset(new CCriticalSection[CRYPTO_num_locks()]);
        CRYPTO_set_locking_callback(locking_callback);

        // OpenSSL can optionally load a config file which lists optional loadable modules and engines.
        // We don't use them so we don't require the config. However some of our libs may call functions
        // which attempt to load the config file, possibly resulting in an exit() or crash if it is missing
        // or corrupt. Explicitly tell OpenSSL not to try to load the file. The result for our libs will be
        // that the config appears to have been loaded and there are no modules/engines available.
        OPENSSL_no_config();

#ifdef WIN32
        // Seed OpenSSL PRNG with current contents of the screen
        RAND_screen();
#endif

        // Seed OpenSSL PRNG with performance counter
        RandAddSeed();
    }
    ~CInit()
    {
        // Securely erase the memory used by the PRNG
        RAND_cleanup();
        // Shutdown OpenSSL library multithreading support
        CRYPTO_set_locking_callback(nullptr);
        // Clear the set of locks now to maintain symmetry with the constructor.
        ppmutexOpenSSL.reset();
    }
}
instance_of_cinit;

/**
 * LogPrintf() has been broken a couple of times now
 * by well-meaning people adding mutexes in the most straightforward way.
 * It breaks because it may be called by global destructors during shutdown.
 * Since the order of destruction of static/global objects is undefined,
 * defining a mutex as a global object doesn't work (the mutex gets
 * destroyed, and then some later destructor calls OutputDebugStringF,
 * maybe indirectly, and you get a core dump at shutdown trying to lock
 * the mutex).
 */

static boost::once_flag debugPrintInitFlag = BOOST_ONCE_INIT;

/**
 * We use boost::call_once() to make sure mutexDebugLog and
 * vMsgsBeforeOpenLog are initialized in a thread-safe manner.
 *
 * NOTE: fileout, mutexDebugLog and sometimes vMsgsBeforeOpenLog
 * are leaked on exit. This is ugly, but will be cleaned up by
 * the OS/libc. When the shutdown sequence is fully audited and
 * tested, explicit destruction of these objects can be implemented.
 */
static FILE* fileout = nullptr;
static boost::mutex* mutexDebugLog = nullptr;
static std::list<std::string>* vMsgsBeforeOpenLog;

static int FileWriteStr(const std::string &str, FILE *fp)
{
    return fwrite(str.data(), 1, str.size(), fp);
}

static void DebugPrintInit()
{
    assert(mutexDebugLog == nullptr);
    mutexDebugLog = new boost::mutex();
    vMsgsBeforeOpenLog = new std::list<std::string>;
}

fs::path GetDebugLogPath()
{
    fs::path logfile(gArgs.GetArg("-debuglogfile", DEFAULT_DEBUGLOGFILE));
    if (logfile.is_absolute()) {
        return logfile;
    } else {
        return GetDataDir() / logfile;
    }
}

bool OpenDebugLog()
{
    boost::call_once(&DebugPrintInit, debugPrintInitFlag);
    boost::mutex::scoped_lock scoped_lock(*mutexDebugLog);

    assert(fileout == nullptr);
    assert(vMsgsBeforeOpenLog);
    fs::path pathDebug = GetDebugLogPath();

    fileout = fsbridge::fopen(pathDebug, "a");
    if (!fileout) {
        return false;
    }

    setbuf(fileout, nullptr); // unbuffered
    // dump buffered messages from before we opened the log
    while (!vMsgsBeforeOpenLog->empty()) {
        FileWriteStr(vMsgsBeforeOpenLog->front(), fileout);
        vMsgsBeforeOpenLog->pop_front();
    }

    delete vMsgsBeforeOpenLog;
    vMsgsBeforeOpenLog = nullptr;
    return true;
}

struct CLogCategoryDesc
{
    uint64_t flag;
    std::string category;
};

const CLogCategoryDesc LogCategories[] =
{
    {BCLog::NONE, "0"},
    {BCLog::NET, "net"},
    {BCLog::TOR, "tor"},
    {BCLog::MEMPOOL, "mempool"},
    {BCLog::HTTP, "http"},
    {BCLog::BENCHMARK, "bench"},
    {BCLog::ZMQ, "zmq"},
    {BCLog::DB, "db"},
    {BCLog::RPC, "rpc"},
    {BCLog::ESTIMATEFEE, "estimatefee"},
    {BCLog::ADDRMAN, "addrman"},
    {BCLog::SELECTCOINS, "selectcoins"},
    {BCLog::REINDEX, "reindex"},
    {BCLog::CMPCTBLOCK, "cmpctblock"},
    {BCLog::RANDOM, "rand"},
    {BCLog::PRUNE, "prune"},
    {BCLog::PROXY, "proxy"},
    {BCLog::MEMPOOLREJ, "mempoolrej"},
    {BCLog::LIBEVENT, "libevent"},
    {BCLog::COINDB, "coindb"},
    {BCLog::QT, "qt"},
    {BCLog::LEVELDB, "leveldb"},
    {BCLog::ALL, "1"},
    {BCLog::ALL, "all"},

    //Start Dash
    {BCLog::CHAINLOCKS, "chainlocks"},
    {BCLog::GOBJECT, "gobject"},
    {BCLog::INSTANTSEND, "instantsend"},
    {BCLog::KEEPASS, "keepass"},
    {BCLog::LLMQ, "llmq"},
    {BCLog::LLMQ_DKG, "llmq-dkg"},
    {BCLog::LLMQ_SIGS, "llmq-sigs"},
    {BCLog::MNPAYMENTS, "mnpayments"},
    {BCLog::MNSYNC, "mnsync"},
    {BCLog::PRIVATESEND, "privatesend"},
    {BCLog::SPORK, "spork"},
    //End Dash

};

bool GetLogCategory(uint64_t *f, const std::string *str)
{
    if (f && str) {
        if (*str == "") {
            *f = BCLog::ALL;
            return true;
        }
        if (*str == "dash") {
            *f = BCLog::CHAINLOCKS
                | BCLog::GOBJECT
                | BCLog::INSTANTSEND
                | BCLog::KEEPASS
                | BCLog::LLMQ
                | BCLog::LLMQ_DKG
                | BCLog::LLMQ_SIGS
                | BCLog::MNPAYMENTS
                | BCLog::MNSYNC
                | BCLog::PRIVATESEND
                | BCLog::SPORK;
            return true;
        }
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < ARRAYLEN(LogCategories); i++) {
            if (LogCategories[i].category == *str) {
                *f = LogCategories[i].flag;
                return true;
            }
        }
    }
    return false;
}

std::string ListLogCategories()
{
    std::string ret;
    int outcount = 0;
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < ARRAYLEN(LogCategories); i++) {
        // Omit the special cases.
        if (LogCategories[i].flag != BCLog::NONE && LogCategories[i].flag != BCLog::ALL) {
            if (outcount != 0) ret += ", ";
            ret += LogCategories[i].category;
            outcount++;
        }
    }
    return ret;
}

std::vector<CLogCategoryActive> ListActiveLogCategories()
{
    std::vector<CLogCategoryActive> ret;
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < ARRAYLEN(LogCategories); i++) {
        // Omit the special cases.
        if (LogCategories[i].flag != BCLog::NONE && LogCategories[i].flag != BCLog::ALL) {
            CLogCategoryActive catActive;
            catActive.category = LogCategories[i].category;
            catActive.active = LogAcceptCategory(LogCategories[i].flag);
            ret.push_back(catActive);
        }
    }
    return ret;
}

std::string ListActiveLogCategoriesString()
{
    if (logCategories == BCLog::NONE)
        return "0";
    if (logCategories == BCLog::ALL)
        return "1";

    std::string ret;
    int outcount = 0;
    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < ARRAYLEN(LogCategories); i++) {
        // Omit the special cases.
        if (LogCategories[i].flag != BCLog::NONE && LogCategories[i].flag != BCLog::ALL && LogAcceptCategory(LogCategories[i].flag)) {
            if (outcount != 0) ret += ", ";
            ret += LogCategories[i].category;
            outcount++;
        }
    }
    return ret;
}

/**
 * fStartedNewLine is a state variable held by the calling context that will
 * suppress printing of the timestamp when multiple calls are made that don't
 * end in a newline. Initialize it to true, and hold/manage it, in the calling context.
 */
static std::string LogTimestampStr(const std::string &str, std::atomic_bool *fStartedNewLine)
{
    std::string strStamped;

    if (!fLogTimestamps)
        return str;

    if (*fStartedNewLine) {
        int64_t nTimeMicros = GetTimeMicros();
        strStamped = DateTimeStrFormat("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", nTimeMicros/1000000);
        if (fLogTimeMicros)
            strStamped += strprintf(".%06d", nTimeMicros%1000000);
        int64_t mocktime = GetMockTime();
        if (mocktime) {
            strStamped += " (mocktime: " + DateTimeStrFormat("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", mocktime) + ")";
        }
        strStamped += ' ' + str;
    } else
        strStamped = str;

    return strStamped;
}

/**
 * fStartedNewLine is a state variable held by the calling context that will
 * suppress printing of the thread name when multiple calls are made that don't
 * end in a newline. Initialize it to true, and hold/manage it, in the calling context.
 */
static std::string LogThreadNameStr(const std::string &str, std::atomic_bool *fStartedNewLine)
{
    std::string strThreadLogged;

    if (!fLogThreadNames)
        return str;

    std::string strThreadName = GetThreadName();

    if (*fStartedNewLine)
        strThreadLogged = strprintf("%16s | %s", strThreadName.c_str(), str.c_str());
    else
        strThreadLogged = str;

    return strThreadLogged;
}

int LogPrintStr(const std::string &str)
{
    int ret = 0; // Returns total number of characters written
    static std::atomic_bool fStartedNewLine(true);

    std::string strThreadLogged = LogThreadNameStr(str, &fStartedNewLine);
    std::string strTimestamped = LogTimestampStr(strThreadLogged, &fStartedNewLine);

    if (!str.empty() && str[str.size()-1] == '\n')
        fStartedNewLine = true;
    else
        fStartedNewLine = false;

    if (fPrintToConsole)
    {
        // print to console
        ret = fwrite(strTimestamped.data(), 1, strTimestamped.size(), stdout);
        fflush(stdout);
    }
    else if (fPrintToDebugLog)
    {
        boost::call_once(&DebugPrintInit, debugPrintInitFlag);
        boost::mutex::scoped_lock scoped_lock(*mutexDebugLog);

        // buffer if we haven't opened the log yet
        if (fileout == nullptr) {
            assert(vMsgsBeforeOpenLog);
            ret = strTimestamped.length();
            vMsgsBeforeOpenLog->push_back(strTimestamped);
        }
        else
        {
            // reopen the log file, if requested
            if (fReopenDebugLog) {
                fReopenDebugLog = false;
                fs::path pathDebug = GetDebugLogPath();
                if (fsbridge::freopen(pathDebug,"a",fileout) != nullptr)
                    setbuf(fileout, nullptr); // unbuffered
            }

            ret = FileWriteStr(strTimestamped, fileout);
        }
    }
    return ret;
}

/** Interpret string as boolean, for argument parsing */
static bool InterpretBool(const std::string& strValue)
{
    if (strValue.empty())
        return true;
    return (atoi(strValue) != 0);
}

/** Turn -noX into -X=0 */
static void InterpretNegativeSetting(std::string& strKey, std::string& strValue)
{
    if (strKey.length()>3 && strKey[0]=='-' && strKey[1]=='n' && strKey[2]=='o')
    {
        strKey = "-" + strKey.substr(3);
        strValue = InterpretBool(strValue) ? "0" : "1";
    }
}

void ArgsManager::ParseParameters(int argc, const char* const argv[])
{
    LOCK(cs_args);
    mapArgs.clear();
    mapMultiArgs.clear();

    for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++)
    {
        std::string str(argv[i]);
        std::string strValue;
        size_t is_index = str.find('=');
        if (is_index != std::string::npos)
        {
            strValue = str.substr(is_index+1);
            str = str.substr(0, is_index);
        }
#ifdef WIN32
        boost::to_lower(str);
        if (boost::algorithm::starts_with(str, "/"))
            str = "-" + str.substr(1);
#endif

        if (str[0] != '-')
            break;

        // Interpret --foo as -foo.
        // If both --foo and -foo are set, the last takes effect.
        if (str.length() > 1 && str[1] == '-')
            str = str.substr(1);
        InterpretNegativeSetting(str, strValue);

        mapArgs[str] = strValue;
        mapMultiArgs[str].push_back(strValue);
    }
}

std::vector<std::string> ArgsManager::GetArgs(const std::string& strArg) const
{
    LOCK(cs_args);
    auto it = mapMultiArgs.find(strArg);
    if (it != mapMultiArgs.end()) return it->second;
    return {};
}

bool ArgsManager::IsArgSet(const std::string& strArg) const
{
    LOCK(cs_args);
    return mapArgs.count(strArg);
}

std::string ArgsManager::GetArg(const std::string& strArg, const std::string& strDefault) const
{
    LOCK(cs_args);
    auto it = mapArgs.find(strArg);
    if (it != mapArgs.end()) return it->second;
    return strDefault;
}

int64_t ArgsManager::GetArg(const std::string& strArg, int64_t nDefault) const
{
    LOCK(cs_args);
    auto it = mapArgs.find(strArg);
    if (it != mapArgs.end()) return atoi64(it->second);
    return nDefault;
}

bool ArgsManager::GetBoolArg(const std::string& strArg, bool fDefault) const
{
    LOCK(cs_args);
    auto it = mapArgs.find(strArg);
    if (it != mapArgs.end()) return InterpretBool(it->second);
    return fDefault;
}

bool ArgsManager::SoftSetArg(const std::string& strArg, const std::string& strValue)
{
    LOCK(cs_args);
    if (IsArgSet(strArg)) return false;
    ForceSetArg(strArg, strValue);
    return true;
}

bool ArgsManager::SoftSetBoolArg(const std::string& strArg, bool fValue)
{
    if (fValue)
        return SoftSetArg(strArg, std::string("1"));
    else
        return SoftSetArg(strArg, std::string("0"));
}

void ArgsManager::ForceSetArg(const std::string& strArg, const std::string& strValue)
{
    LOCK(cs_args);
    mapArgs[strArg] = strValue;
    mapMultiArgs[strArg] = {strValue};
}

void ArgsManager::ForceSetMultiArgs(const std::string& strArg, const std::vector<std::string>& values)
{
    LOCK(cs_args);
    mapMultiArgs[strArg] = values;
}

void ArgsManager::ForceRemoveArg(const std::string& strArg)
{
    LOCK(cs_args);
    mapArgs.erase(strArg);
    mapMultiArgs.erase(strArg);
}

static const int screenWidth = 79;
static const int optIndent = 2;
static const int msgIndent = 7;

std::string HelpMessageGroup(const std::string &message) {
    return std::string(message) + std::string("\n\n");
}

std::string HelpMessageOpt(const std::string &option, const std::string &message) {
    return std::string(optIndent,' ') + std::string(option) +
           std::string("\n") + std::string(msgIndent,' ') +
           FormatParagraph(message, screenWidth - msgIndent, msgIndent) +
           std::string("\n\n");
}

static std::string FormatException(const std::exception_ptr pex, const char* pszThread)
{
    return GetPrettyExceptionStr(pex);
}

void PrintExceptionContinue(const std::exception_ptr pex, const char* pszThread)
{
    std::string message = FormatException(pex, pszThread);
    LogPrintf("\n\n************************\n%s\n", message);
    fprintf(stderr, "\n\n************************\n%s\n", message.c_str());
}

fs::path GetDefaultDataDir()
{
    // Windows < Vista: C:\Documents and Settings\Username\Application Data\DashCore
    // Windows >= Vista: C:\Users\Username\AppData\Roaming\DashCore
    // Mac: ~/Library/Application Support/DashCore
    // Unix: ~/.dashcore
#ifdef WIN32
    // Windows
    return GetSpecialFolderPath(CSIDL_APPDATA) / "DashCore";
#else
    fs::path pathRet;
    char* pszHome = getenv("HOME");
    if (pszHome == nullptr || strlen(pszHome) == 0)
        pathRet = fs::path("/");
    else
        pathRet = fs::path(pszHome);
#ifdef MAC_OSX
    // Mac
    return pathRet / "Library/Application Support/DashCore";
#else
    // Unix
    return pathRet / ".dashcore";
#endif
#endif
}

static fs::path pathCached;
static fs::path pathCachedNetSpecific;
static CCriticalSection csPathCached;

const fs::path &GetDataDir(bool fNetSpecific)
{

    LOCK(csPathCached);

    fs::path &path = fNetSpecific ? pathCachedNetSpecific : pathCached;

    // This can be called during exceptions by LogPrintf(), so we cache the
    // value so we don't have to do memory allocations after that.
    if (!path.empty())
        return path;

    if (gArgs.IsArgSet("-datadir")) {
        path = fs::system_complete(gArgs.GetArg("-datadir", ""));
        if (!fs::is_directory(path)) {
            path = "";
            return path;
        }
    } else {
        path = GetDefaultDataDir();
    }
    if (fNetSpecific)
        path /= BaseParams().DataDir();

    if (fs::create_directories(path)) {
        // This is the first run, create wallets subdirectory too
        fs::create_directories(path / "wallets");
    }

    return path;
}

fs::path GetBackupsDir()
{
    if (!gArgs.IsArgSet("-walletbackupsdir"))
        return GetDataDir() / "backups";

    return fs::absolute(gArgs.GetArg("-walletbackupsdir", ""));
}

void ClearDatadirCache()
{
    LOCK(csPathCached);

    pathCached = fs::path();
    pathCachedNetSpecific = fs::path();
}

fs::path GetConfigFile(const std::string& confPath)
{
    fs::path pathConfigFile(confPath);
    if (!pathConfigFile.is_complete())
        pathConfigFile = GetDataDir(false) / pathConfigFile;

    return pathConfigFile;
}

void ArgsManager::ReadConfigFile(const std::string& confPath)
{
    fs::ifstream streamConfig(GetConfigFile(confPath));
    if (!streamConfig.good()){
        // Create empty dash.conf if it does not excist
        FILE* configFile = fopen(GetConfigFile(confPath).string().c_str(), "a");
        if (configFile != nullptr)
            fclose(configFile);
        return; // Nothing to read, so just return
    }

    {
        LOCK(cs_args);
        std::set<std::string> setOptions;
        setOptions.insert("*");

        for (boost::program_options::detail::config_file_iterator it(streamConfig, setOptions), end; it != end; ++it)
        {
            // Don't overwrite existing settings so command line settings override dash.conf
            std::string strKey = std::string("-") + it->string_key;
            std::string strValue = it->value[0];
            InterpretNegativeSetting(strKey, strValue);
            if (mapArgs.count(strKey) == 0)
                mapArgs[strKey] = strValue;
            mapMultiArgs[strKey].push_back(strValue);
        }
    }
    // If datadir is changed in .conf file:
    ClearDatadirCache();
    if (!fs::is_directory(GetDataDir(false))) {
        throw std::runtime_error(strprintf("specified data directory \"%s\" does not exist.", gArgs.GetArg("-datadir", "").c_str()));
    }
}

#ifndef WIN32
fs::path GetPidFile()
{
    fs::path pathPidFile(gArgs.GetArg("-pid", BITCOIN_PID_FILENAME));
    if (!pathPidFile.is_complete()) pathPidFile = GetDataDir() / pathPidFile;
    return pathPidFile;
}

void CreatePidFile(const fs::path &path, pid_t pid)
{
    FILE* file = fsbridge::fopen(path, "w");
    if (file)
    {
        fprintf(file, "%d\n", pid);
        fclose(file);
    }
}
#endif

bool RenameOver(fs::path src, fs::path dest)
{
#ifdef WIN32
    return MoveFileExA(src.string().c_str(), dest.string().c_str(),
                       MOVEFILE_REPLACE_EXISTING) != 0;
#else
    int rc = std::rename(src.string().c_str(), dest.string().c_str());
    return (rc == 0);
#endif /* WIN32 */
}

/**
 * Ignores exceptions thrown by Boost's create_directories if the requested directory exists.
 * Specifically handles case where path p exists, but it wasn't possible for the user to
 * write to the parent directory.
 */
bool TryCreateDirectories(const fs::path& p)
{
    try
    {
        return fs::create_directories(p);
    } catch (const fs::filesystem_error&) {
        if (!fs::exists(p) || !fs::is_directory(p))
            throw;
    }

    // create_directories didn't create the directory, it had to have existed already
    return false;
}

void FileCommit(FILE *file)
{
    fflush(file); // harmless if redundantly called
#ifdef WIN32
    HANDLE hFile = (HANDLE)_get_osfhandle(_fileno(file));
    FlushFileBuffers(hFile);
#else
    #if defined(__linux__) || defined(__NetBSD__)
    fdatasync(fileno(file));
    #elif defined(__APPLE__) && defined(F_FULLFSYNC)
    fcntl(fileno(file), F_FULLFSYNC, 0);
    #else
    fsync(fileno(file));
    #endif
#endif
}

bool TruncateFile(FILE *file, unsigned int length) {
#if defined(WIN32)
    return _chsize(_fileno(file), length) == 0;
#else
    return ftruncate(fileno(file), length) == 0;
#endif
}

/**
 * this function tries to raise the file descriptor limit to the requested number.
 * It returns the actual file descriptor limit (which may be more or less than nMinFD)
 */
int RaiseFileDescriptorLimit(int nMinFD) {
#if defined(WIN32)
    return 2048;
#else
    struct rlimit limitFD;
    if (getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &limitFD) != -1) {
        if (limitFD.rlim_cur < (rlim_t)nMinFD) {
            limitFD.rlim_cur = nMinFD;
            if (limitFD.rlim_cur > limitFD.rlim_max)
                limitFD.rlim_cur = limitFD.rlim_max;
            setrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &limitFD);
            getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &limitFD);
        }
        return limitFD.rlim_cur;
    }
    return nMinFD; // getrlimit failed, assume it's fine
#endif
}

/**
 * this function tries to make a particular range of a file allocated (corresponding to disk space)
 * it is advisory, and the range specified in the arguments will never contain live data
 */
void AllocateFileRange(FILE *file, unsigned int offset, unsigned int length) {
#if defined(WIN32)
    // Windows-specific version
    HANDLE hFile = (HANDLE)_get_osfhandle(_fileno(file));
    LARGE_INTEGER nFileSize;
    int64_t nEndPos = (int64_t)offset + length;
    nFileSize.u.LowPart = nEndPos & 0xFFFFFFFF;
    nFileSize.u.HighPart = nEndPos >> 32;
    SetFilePointerEx(hFile, nFileSize, 0, FILE_BEGIN);
    SetEndOfFile(hFile);
#elif defined(MAC_OSX)
    // OSX specific version
    fstore_t fst;
    fst.fst_flags = F_ALLOCATECONTIG;
    fst.fst_posmode = F_PEOFPOSMODE;
    fst.fst_offset = 0;
    fst.fst_length = (off_t)offset + length;
    fst.fst_bytesalloc = 0;
    if (fcntl(fileno(file), F_PREALLOCATE, &fst) == -1) {
        fst.fst_flags = F_ALLOCATEALL;
        fcntl(fileno(file), F_PREALLOCATE, &fst);
    }
    ftruncate(fileno(file), fst.fst_length);
#elif defined(__linux__)
    // Version using posix_fallocate
    off_t nEndPos = (off_t)offset + length;
    posix_fallocate(fileno(file), 0, nEndPos);
#else
    // Fallback version
    // TODO: just write one byte per block
    static const char buf[65536] = {};
    fseek(file, offset, SEEK_SET);
    while (length > 0) {
        unsigned int now = 65536;
        if (length < now)
            now = length;
        fwrite(buf, 1, now, file); // allowed to fail; this function is advisory anyway
        length -= now;
    }
#endif
}

void ShrinkDebugFile()
{
    // Amount of debug.log to save at end when shrinking (must fit in memory)
    constexpr size_t RECENT_DEBUG_HISTORY_SIZE = 10 * 1000000;
    // Scroll debug.log if it's getting too big
    fs::path pathLog = GetDebugLogPath();
    FILE* file = fsbridge::fopen(pathLog, "r");
    // If debug.log file is more than 10% bigger the RECENT_DEBUG_HISTORY_SIZE
    // trim it down by saving only the last RECENT_DEBUG_HISTORY_SIZE bytes
    if (file && fs::file_size(pathLog) > 11 * (RECENT_DEBUG_HISTORY_SIZE / 10))
    {
        // Restart the file with some of the end
        std::vector<char> vch(RECENT_DEBUG_HISTORY_SIZE, 0);
        fseek(file, -((long)vch.size()), SEEK_END);
        int nBytes = fread(vch.data(), 1, vch.size(), file);
        fclose(file);

        file = fsbridge::fopen(pathLog, "w");
        if (file)
        {
            fwrite(vch.data(), 1, nBytes, file);
            fclose(file);
        }
    }
    else if (file != nullptr)
        fclose(file);
}

#ifdef WIN32
fs::path GetSpecialFolderPath(int nFolder, bool fCreate)
{
    char pszPath[MAX_PATH] = "";

    if(SHGetSpecialFolderPathA(nullptr, pszPath, nFolder, fCreate))
    {
        return fs::path(pszPath);
    }

    LogPrintf("SHGetSpecialFolderPathA() failed, could not obtain requested path.\n");
    return fs::path("");
}
#endif

void runCommand(const std::string& strCommand)
{
    if (strCommand.empty()) return;
    int nErr = ::system(strCommand.c_str());
    if (nErr)
        LogPrintf("runCommand error: system(%s) returned %d\n", strCommand, nErr);
}

void RenameThread(const char* name)
{
#if defined(PR_SET_NAME)
    // Only the first 15 characters are used (16 - NUL terminator)
    ::prctl(PR_SET_NAME, name, 0, 0, 0);
#elif (defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__OpenBSD__) || defined(__DragonFly__))
    pthread_set_name_np(pthread_self(), name);

#elif defined(MAC_OSX)
    pthread_setname_np(name);
#else
    // Prevent warnings for unused parameters...
    (void)name;
#endif
    LogPrintf("%s: thread new name %s\n", __func__, name);
}

std::string GetThreadName()
{
    char name[16];
#if defined(PR_GET_NAME)
    // Only the first 15 characters are used (16 - NUL terminator)
    ::prctl(PR_GET_NAME, name, 0, 0, 0);
#elif defined(MAC_OSX)
    pthread_getname_np(pthread_self(), name, 16);
// #elif (defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__OpenBSD__) || defined(__DragonFly__))
// #else
    // no get_name here
#endif
    return std::string(name);
}

void RenameThreadPool(ctpl::thread_pool& tp, const char* baseName)
{
    auto cond = std::make_shared<std::condition_variable>();
    auto mutex = std::make_shared<std::mutex>();
    std::atomic<int> doneCnt(0);
    std::map<int, std::future<void> > futures;

    for (int i = 0; i < tp.size(); i++) {
        futures[i] = tp.push([baseName, i, cond, mutex, &doneCnt](int threadId) {
            RenameThread(strprintf("%s-%d", baseName, i).c_str());
            std::unique_lock<std::mutex> l(*mutex);
            doneCnt++;
            cond->wait(l);
        });
    }

    do {
        // Always sleep to let all threads acquire locks
        MilliSleep(10);
        // `doneCnt` should be at least `futures.size()` if tp size was increased (for whatever reason),
        // or at least `tp.size()` if tp size was decreased and queue was cleared
        // (which can happen on `stop()` if we were not fast enough to get all jobs to their threads).
    } while (doneCnt < futures.size() && doneCnt < tp.size());

    cond->notify_all();

    // Make sure no one is left behind, just in case
    for (auto& pair : futures) {
        auto& f = pair.second;
        if (f.valid() && f.wait_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(2000)) == std::future_status::timeout) {
            LogPrintf("%s: %s-%d timed out\n", __func__, baseName, pair.first);
            // Notify everyone again
            cond->notify_all();
            break;
        }
    }
}

void SetupEnvironment()
{
#ifdef HAVE_MALLOPT_ARENA_MAX
    // glibc-specific: On 32-bit systems set the number of arenas to 1.
    // By default, since glibc 2.10, the C library will create up to two heap
    // arenas per core. This is known to cause excessive virtual address space
    // usage in our usage. Work around it by setting the maximum number of
    // arenas to 1.
    if (sizeof(void*) == 4) {
        mallopt(M_ARENA_MAX, 1);
    }
#endif
    // On most POSIX systems (e.g. Linux, but not BSD) the environment's locale
    // may be invalid, in which case the "C" locale is used as fallback.
#if !defined(WIN32) && !defined(MAC_OSX) && !defined(__FreeBSD__) && !defined(__OpenBSD__)
    try {
        std::locale(""); // Raises a runtime error if current locale is invalid
    } catch (const std::runtime_error&) {
        setenv("LC_ALL", "C", 1);
    }
#endif
    // The path locale is lazy initialized and to avoid deinitialization errors
    // in multithreading environments, it is set explicitly by the main thread.
    // A dummy locale is used to extract the internal default locale, used by
    // fs::path, which is then used to explicitly imbue the path.
    std::locale loc = fs::path::imbue(std::locale::classic());
    fs::path::imbue(loc);
}

bool SetupNetworking()
{
#ifdef WIN32
    // Initialize Windows Sockets
    WSADATA wsadata;
    int ret = WSAStartup(MAKEWORD(2,2), &wsadata);
    if (ret != NO_ERROR || LOBYTE(wsadata.wVersion ) != 2 || HIBYTE(wsadata.wVersion) != 2)
        return false;
#endif
    return true;
}

int GetNumCores()
{
#if BOOST_VERSION >= 105600
    return boost::thread::physical_concurrency();
#else // Must fall back to hardware_concurrency, which unfortunately counts virtual cores
    return boost::thread::hardware_concurrency();
#endif
}

std::string CopyrightHolders(const std::string& strPrefix, unsigned int nStartYear, unsigned int nEndYear)
{
    std::string strCopyrightHolders = strPrefix + strprintf(" %u-%u ", nStartYear, nEndYear) + strprintf(_(COPYRIGHT_HOLDERS), _(COPYRIGHT_HOLDERS_SUBSTITUTION));

    // Check for untranslated substitution to make sure Bitcoin Core copyright is not removed by accident
    if (strprintf(COPYRIGHT_HOLDERS, COPYRIGHT_HOLDERS_SUBSTITUTION).find("Bitcoin Core") == std::string::npos) {
        strCopyrightHolders += "\n" + strPrefix + strprintf(" %u-%u ", 2009, nEndYear) + "The Bitcoin Core developers";
    }
    return strCopyrightHolders;
}

uint32_t StringVersionToInt(const std::string& strVersion)
{
    std::vector<std::string> tokens;
    boost::split(tokens, strVersion, boost::is_any_of("."));
    if(tokens.size() != 3)
        throw std::bad_cast();
    uint32_t nVersion = 0;
    for(unsigned idx = 0; idx < 3; idx++)
    {
        if(tokens[idx].length() == 0)
            throw std::bad_cast();
        uint32_t value = boost::lexical_cast<uint32_t>(tokens[idx]);
        if(value > 255)
            throw std::bad_cast();
        nVersion <<= 8;
        nVersion |= value;
    }
    return nVersion;
}

std::string IntVersionToString(uint32_t nVersion)
{
    if((nVersion >> 24) > 0) // MSB is always 0
        throw std::bad_cast();
    if(nVersion == 0)
        throw std::bad_cast();
    std::array<std::string, 3> tokens;
    for(unsigned idx = 0; idx < 3; idx++)
    {
        unsigned shift = (2 - idx) * 8;
        uint32_t byteValue = (nVersion >> shift) & 0xff;
        tokens[idx] = boost::lexical_cast<std::string>(byteValue);
    }
    return boost::join(tokens, ".");
}

std::string SafeIntVersionToString(uint32_t nVersion)
{
    try
    {
        return IntVersionToString(nVersion);
    }
    catch(const std::bad_cast&)
    {
        return "invalid_version";
    }
}


// Obtain the application startup time (used for uptime calculation)
int64_t GetStartupTime()
{
    return nStartupTime;
}