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403 lines
18 KiB
C++
403 lines
18 KiB
C++
// Copyright (c) 2017-2020 The Bitcoin Core developers
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// Distributed under the MIT software license, see the accompanying
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// file COPYING or http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php.
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#include <wallet/coinselection.h>
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#include <policy/feerate.h>
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#include <util/system.h>
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#include <util/moneystr.h>
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#include <coinjoin/common.h>
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#include <optional>
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// Descending order comparator
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struct {
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bool operator()(const OutputGroup& a, const OutputGroup& b) const
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{
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return a.effective_value > b.effective_value;
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}
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} descending;
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/*
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* This is the Branch and Bound Coin Selection algorithm designed by Murch. It searches for an input
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* set that can pay for the spending target and does not exceed the spending target by more than the
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* cost of creating and spending a change output. The algorithm uses a depth-first search on a binary
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* tree. In the binary tree, each node corresponds to the inclusion or the omission of a UTXO. UTXOs
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* are sorted by their effective values and the tree is explored deterministically per the inclusion
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* branch first. At each node, the algorithm checks whether the selection is within the target range.
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* While the selection has not reached the target range, more UTXOs are included. When a selection's
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* value exceeds the target range, the complete subtree deriving from this selection can be omitted.
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* At that point, the last included UTXO is deselected and the corresponding omission branch explored
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* instead. The search ends after the complete tree has been searched or after a limited number of tries.
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*
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* The search continues to search for better solutions after one solution has been found. The best
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* solution is chosen by minimizing the waste metric. The waste metric is defined as the cost to
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* spend the current inputs at the given fee rate minus the long term expected cost to spend the
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* inputs, plus the amount by which the selection exceeds the spending target:
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*
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* waste = selectionTotal - target + inputs × (currentFeeRate - longTermFeeRate)
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*
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* The algorithm uses two additional optimizations. A lookahead keeps track of the total value of
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* the unexplored UTXOs. A subtree is not explored if the lookahead indicates that the target range
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* cannot be reached. Further, it is unnecessary to test equivalent combinations. This allows us
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* to skip testing the inclusion of UTXOs that match the effective value and waste of an omitted
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* predecessor.
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*
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* The Branch and Bound algorithm is described in detail in Murch's Master Thesis:
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* https://murch.one/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/erhardt2016coinselection.pdf
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*
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* @param const std::vector<CInputCoin>& utxo_pool The set of UTXOs that we are choosing from.
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* These UTXOs will be sorted in descending order by effective value and the CInputCoins'
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* values are their effective values.
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* @param const CAmount& target_value This is the value that we want to select. It is the lower
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* bound of the range.
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* @param const CAmount& cost_of_change This is the cost of creating and spending a change output.
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* This plus target_value is the upper bound of the range.
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* @param std::set<CInputCoin>& out_set -> This is an output parameter for the set of CInputCoins
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* that have been selected.
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* @param CAmount& value_ret -> This is an output parameter for the total value of the CInputCoins
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* that were selected.
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* @param CAmount not_input_fees -> The fees that need to be paid for the outputs and fixed size
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* overhead (version, locktime, marker and flag)
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*/
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static const size_t TOTAL_TRIES = 100000;
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bool SelectCoinsBnB(std::vector<OutputGroup>& utxo_pool, const CAmount& target_value, const CAmount& cost_of_change, std::set<CInputCoin>& out_set, CAmount& value_ret, CAmount not_input_fees)
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{
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out_set.clear();
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CAmount curr_value = 0;
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std::vector<bool> curr_selection; // select the utxo at this index
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curr_selection.reserve(utxo_pool.size());
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CAmount actual_target = not_input_fees + target_value;
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// Calculate curr_available_value
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CAmount curr_available_value = 0;
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for (const OutputGroup& utxo : utxo_pool) {
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// Assert that this utxo is not negative. It should never be negative, effective value calculation should have removed it
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assert(utxo.effective_value > 0);
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curr_available_value += utxo.effective_value;
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}
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if (curr_available_value < actual_target) {
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return false;
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}
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// Sort the utxo_pool
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std::sort(utxo_pool.begin(), utxo_pool.end(), descending);
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CAmount curr_waste = 0;
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std::vector<bool> best_selection;
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CAmount best_waste = MAX_MONEY;
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// Depth First search loop for choosing the UTXOs
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for (size_t i = 0; i < TOTAL_TRIES; ++i) {
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// Conditions for starting a backtrack
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bool backtrack = false;
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if (curr_value + curr_available_value < actual_target || // Cannot possibly reach target with the amount remaining in the curr_available_value.
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curr_value > actual_target + cost_of_change || // Selected value is out of range, go back and try other branch
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(curr_waste > best_waste && (utxo_pool.at(0).fee - utxo_pool.at(0).long_term_fee) > 0)) { // Don't select things which we know will be more wasteful if the waste is increasing
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backtrack = true;
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} else if (curr_value >= actual_target) { // Selected value is within range
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curr_waste += (curr_value - actual_target); // This is the excess value which is added to the waste for the below comparison
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// Adding another UTXO after this check could bring the waste down if the long term fee is higher than the current fee.
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// However we are not going to explore that because this optimization for the waste is only done when we have hit our target
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// value. Adding any more UTXOs will be just burning the UTXO; it will go entirely to fees. Thus we aren't going to
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// explore any more UTXOs to avoid burning money like that.
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if (curr_waste <= best_waste) {
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best_selection = curr_selection;
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best_selection.resize(utxo_pool.size());
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best_waste = curr_waste;
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if (best_waste == 0) {
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break;
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}
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}
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curr_waste -= (curr_value - actual_target); // Remove the excess value as we will be selecting different coins now
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backtrack = true;
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}
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// Backtracking, moving backwards
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if (backtrack) {
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// Walk backwards to find the last included UTXO that still needs to have its omission branch traversed.
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while (!curr_selection.empty() && !curr_selection.back()) {
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curr_selection.pop_back();
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curr_available_value += utxo_pool.at(curr_selection.size()).effective_value;
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}
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if (curr_selection.empty()) { // We have walked back to the first utxo and no branch is untraversed. All solutions searched
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break;
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}
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// Output was included on previous iterations, try excluding now.
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curr_selection.back() = false;
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OutputGroup& utxo = utxo_pool.at(curr_selection.size() - 1);
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curr_value -= utxo.effective_value;
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curr_waste -= utxo.fee - utxo.long_term_fee;
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} else { // Moving forwards, continuing down this branch
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OutputGroup& utxo = utxo_pool.at(curr_selection.size());
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// Remove this utxo from the curr_available_value utxo amount
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curr_available_value -= utxo.effective_value;
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// Avoid searching a branch if the previous UTXO has the same value and same waste and was excluded. Since the ratio of fee to
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// long term fee is the same, we only need to check if one of those values match in order to know that the waste is the same.
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if (!curr_selection.empty() && !curr_selection.back() &&
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utxo.effective_value == utxo_pool.at(curr_selection.size() - 1).effective_value &&
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utxo.fee == utxo_pool.at(curr_selection.size() - 1).fee) {
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curr_selection.push_back(false);
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} else {
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// Inclusion branch first (Largest First Exploration)
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curr_selection.push_back(true);
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curr_value += utxo.effective_value;
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curr_waste += utxo.fee - utxo.long_term_fee;
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}
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}
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}
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// Check for solution
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if (best_selection.empty()) {
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return false;
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}
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// Set output set
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value_ret = 0;
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for (size_t i = 0; i < best_selection.size(); ++i) {
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if (best_selection.at(i)) {
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util::insert(out_set, utxo_pool.at(i).m_outputs);
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value_ret += utxo_pool.at(i).m_value;
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}
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}
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return true;
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}
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static void ApproximateBestSubset(const std::vector<OutputGroup>& groups, const CAmount& nTotalLower, const CAmount& nTargetValue,
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std::vector<char>& vfBest, CAmount& nBest, int iterations = 1000)
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{
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std::vector<char> vfIncluded;
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vfBest.assign(groups.size(), true);
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nBest = nTotalLower;
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int nBestInputCount = 0;
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FastRandomContext insecure_rand;
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for (int nRep = 0; nRep < iterations && nBest != nTargetValue; nRep++)
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{
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vfIncluded.assign(groups.size(), false);
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CAmount nTotal = 0;
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int nTotalInputCount = 0;
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bool fReachedTarget = false;
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for (int nPass = 0; nPass < 2 && !fReachedTarget; nPass++)
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{
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for (unsigned int i = 0; i < groups.size(); i++)
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{
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//The solver here uses a randomized algorithm,
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//the randomness serves no real security purpose but is just
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//needed to prevent degenerate behavior and it is important
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//that the rng is fast. We do not use a constant random sequence,
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//because there may be some privacy improvement by making
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//the selection random.
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if (nPass == 0 ? insecure_rand.randbool() : !vfIncluded[i])
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{
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nTotal += groups[i].m_value;
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++nTotalInputCount;
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vfIncluded[i] = true;
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if (nTotal >= nTargetValue)
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{
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fReachedTarget = true;
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if (nTotal < nBest || (nTotal == nBest && nTotalInputCount < nBestInputCount))
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{
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nBest = nTotal;
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nBestInputCount = nTotalInputCount;
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vfBest = vfIncluded;
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}
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nTotal -= groups[i].m_value;
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--nTotalInputCount;
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vfIncluded[i] = false;
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}
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}
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}
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}
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}
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}
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struct CompareByPriority
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{
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bool operator()(const OutputGroup& group1,
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const OutputGroup& group2) const
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{
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return CoinJoin::CalculateAmountPriority(group1.m_value) > CoinJoin::CalculateAmountPriority(group2.m_value);
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}
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};
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// move denoms down
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bool less_then_denom (const OutputGroup& group1, const OutputGroup& group2)
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{
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bool found1 = false;
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bool found2 = false;
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for (const auto& d : CoinJoin::GetStandardDenominations()) // loop through predefined denoms
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{
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if(group1.m_value == d) found1 = true;
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if(group2.m_value == d) found2 = true;
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}
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return (!found1 && found2);
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}
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bool KnapsackSolver(const CAmount& nTargetValue, std::vector<OutputGroup>& groups, std::set<CInputCoin>& setCoinsRet, CAmount& nValueRet, bool fFulyMixedOnly, CAmount maxTxFee)
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{
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setCoinsRet.clear();
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nValueRet = 0;
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// List of values less than target
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std::optional<OutputGroup> lowest_larger;
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std::vector<OutputGroup> applicable_groups;
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CAmount nTotalLower = 0;
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Shuffle(groups.begin(), groups.end(), FastRandomContext());
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int tryDenomStart = 0;
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CAmount nMinChange = MIN_CHANGE;
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if (fFulyMixedOnly) {
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// larger denoms first
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std::sort(groups.rbegin(), groups.rend(), CompareByPriority());
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// we actually want denoms only, so let's skip "non-denom only" step
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tryDenomStart = 1;
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// no change is allowed
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nMinChange = 0;
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} else {
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// move denoms down on the list
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// try not to use denominated coins when not needed, save denoms for coinjoin
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std::sort(groups.begin(), groups.end(), less_then_denom);
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}
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// try to find nondenom first to prevent unneeded spending of mixed coins
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for (unsigned int tryDenom = tryDenomStart; tryDenom < 2; tryDenom++) {
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LogPrint(BCLog::SELECTCOINS, "tryDenom: %d\n", tryDenom);
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applicable_groups.clear();
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nTotalLower = 0;
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for (const OutputGroup& group : groups) {
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if (tryDenom == 0 && CoinJoin::IsDenominatedAmount(group.m_value)) {
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continue; // we don't want denom values on first run
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}
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if (group.m_value == nTargetValue) {
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util::insert(setCoinsRet, group.m_outputs);
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nValueRet += group.m_value;
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return true;
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} else if (group.m_value < nTargetValue + nMinChange) {
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applicable_groups.push_back(group);
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nTotalLower += group.m_value;
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} else if (!lowest_larger || group.m_value < lowest_larger->m_value) {
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lowest_larger = group;
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}
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}
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if (nTotalLower == nTargetValue) {
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for (const auto& group : applicable_groups) {
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util::insert(setCoinsRet, group.m_outputs);
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nValueRet += group.m_value;
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}
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return true;
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}
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if (nTotalLower < nTargetValue) {
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if (!lowest_larger) { // there is no input larger than nTargetValue
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if (tryDenom == 0)
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// we didn't look at denom yet, let's do it
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continue;
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else
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// we looked at everything possible and didn't find anything, no luck
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return false;
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}
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util::insert(setCoinsRet, lowest_larger->m_outputs);
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nValueRet += lowest_larger->m_value;
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// There is no change in PS, so we know the fee beforehand,
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// can see if we exceeded the max fee and thus fail quickly.
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return fFulyMixedOnly ? (nValueRet - nTargetValue <= maxTxFee) : true;
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}
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// nTotalLower > nTargetValue
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break;
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}
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// Solve subset sum by stochastic approximation
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std::sort(applicable_groups.begin(), applicable_groups.end(), descending);
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std::vector<char> vfBest;
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CAmount nBest;
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ApproximateBestSubset(applicable_groups, nTotalLower, nTargetValue, vfBest, nBest);
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if (nBest != nTargetValue && nMinChange != 0 && nTotalLower >= nTargetValue + nMinChange) {
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ApproximateBestSubset(applicable_groups, nTotalLower, nTargetValue + nMinChange, vfBest, nBest);
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}
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// If we have a bigger coin and (either the stochastic approximation didn't find a good solution,
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// or the next bigger coin is closer), return the bigger coin
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if (lowest_larger &&
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((nBest != nTargetValue && nBest < nTargetValue + nMinChange) || lowest_larger->m_value <= nBest)) {
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util::insert(setCoinsRet, lowest_larger->m_outputs);
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nValueRet += lowest_larger->m_value;
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} else {
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std::string log_message{"Coin selection best subset: "};
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for (unsigned int i = 0; i < applicable_groups.size(); i++) {
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if (vfBest[i]) {
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util::insert(setCoinsRet, applicable_groups[i].m_outputs);
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nValueRet += applicable_groups[i].m_value;
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log_message += strprintf("%s ", FormatMoney(applicable_groups[i].m_value));
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}
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}
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LogPrint(BCLog::SELECTCOINS, "%stotal %s\n", log_message, FormatMoney(nBest));
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}
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// There is no change in PS, so we know the fee beforehand,
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// can see if we exceeded the max fee and thus fail quickly.
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return fFulyMixedOnly ? (nValueRet - nTargetValue <= maxTxFee) : true;
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}
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/******************************************************************************
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OutputGroup
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******************************************************************************/
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void OutputGroup::Insert(const CInputCoin& output, int depth, bool from_me, size_t ancestors, size_t descendants, bool positive_only) {
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// Compute the effective value first
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const CAmount coin_fee = output.m_input_bytes < 0 ? 0 : m_effective_feerate.GetFee(output.m_input_bytes);
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const CAmount ev = output.txout.nValue - coin_fee;
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// Filter for positive only here before adding the coin
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if (positive_only && ev <= 0) return;
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m_outputs.push_back(output);
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CInputCoin& coin = m_outputs.back();
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coin.m_fee = coin_fee;
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fee += coin.m_fee;
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coin.m_long_term_fee = coin.m_input_bytes < 0 ? 0 : m_long_term_feerate.GetFee(coin.m_input_bytes);
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long_term_fee += coin.m_long_term_fee;
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coin.effective_value = ev;
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effective_value += coin.effective_value;
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m_from_me &= from_me;
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m_value += output.txout.nValue;
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m_depth = std::min(m_depth, depth);
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// ancestors here express the number of ancestors the new coin will end up having, which is
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// the sum, rather than the max; this will overestimate in the cases where multiple inputs
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// have common ancestors
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m_ancestors += ancestors;
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// descendants is the count as seen from the top ancestor, not the descendants as seen from the
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// coin itself; thus, this value is counted as the max, not the sum
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m_descendants = std::max(m_descendants, descendants);
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}
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bool OutputGroup::EligibleForSpending(const CoinEligibilityFilter& eligibility_filter, bool isISLocked) const
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{
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return (m_depth >= (m_from_me ? eligibility_filter.conf_mine : eligibility_filter.conf_theirs) || isISLocked)
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&& m_ancestors <= eligibility_filter.max_ancestors
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&& m_descendants <= eligibility_filter.max_descendants;
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}
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