dash/src/random.cpp

// Copyright (c) 2009-2010 Satoshi Nakamoto
// Copyright (c) 2009-2015 The Bitcoin Core developers
// Distributed under the MIT software license, see the accompanying
// file COPYING or http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php.

#include <random.h>

#include <crypto/sha512.h>
#include <support/cleanse.h>
#ifdef WIN32
#include <compat.h> // for Windows API
#include <wincrypt.h>
#endif
#include <logging.h>  // for LogPrint()
#include <sync.h>     // for WAIT_LOCK
#include <util/time.h> // for GetTimeMicros()

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <thread>

#include <support/allocators/secure.h>

#ifndef WIN32
#include <fcntl.h>
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_SYS_GETRANDOM
#include <sys/syscall.h>
#include <linux/random.h>
#endif
#if defined(HAVE_GETENTROPY) || (defined(HAVE_GETENTROPY_RAND) && defined(MAC_OSX))
#include <unistd.h>
#endif
#if defined(HAVE_GETENTROPY_RAND) && defined(MAC_OSX)
#include <sys/random.h>
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_SYSCTL_ARND
#include <util/strencodings.h> // for ARRAYLEN
#include <sys/sysctl.h>
#endif


#if defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__amd64__) || defined(__i386__)
#include <cpuid.h>
#endif

#include <openssl/rand.h>
#include <openssl/conf.h>

[[noreturn]] static void RandFailure()
{
    LogPrintf("Failed to read randomness, aborting\n");
    std::abort();
}

static inline int64_t GetPerformanceCounter() noexcept
{
    // Read the hardware time stamp counter when available.
    // See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Stamp_Counter for more information.
#if defined(_MSC_VER) && (defined(_M_IX86) || defined(_M_X64))
    return __rdtsc();
#elif !defined(_MSC_VER) && defined(__i386__)
    uint64_t r = 0;
    __asm__ volatile ("rdtsc" : "=A"(r)); // Constrain the r variable to the eax:edx pair.
    return r;
#elif !defined(_MSC_VER) && (defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__amd64__))
    uint64_t r1 = 0, r2 = 0;
    __asm__ volatile ("rdtsc" : "=a"(r1), "=d"(r2)); // Constrain r1 to rax and r2 to rdx.
    return (r2 << 32) | r1;
#else
    // Fall back to using C++11 clock (usually microsecond or nanosecond precision)
    return std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count();
#endif
}

#if defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__amd64__) || defined(__i386__)
static bool g_rdrand_supported = false;
static bool g_rdseed_supported = false;
static constexpr uint32_t CPUID_F1_ECX_RDRAND = 0x40000000;
static constexpr uint32_t CPUID_F7_EBX_RDSEED = 0x00040000;
#ifdef bit_RDRND
static_assert(CPUID_F1_ECX_RDRAND == bit_RDRND, "Unexpected value for bit_RDRND");
#endif
#ifdef bit_RDSEED
static_assert(CPUID_F7_EBX_RDSEED == bit_RDSEED, "Unexpected value for bit_RDSEED");
#endif
static void inline GetCPUID(uint32_t leaf, uint32_t subleaf, uint32_t& a, uint32_t& b, uint32_t& c, uint32_t& d)
{
    // We can't use __get_cpuid as it doesn't support subleafs.
#ifdef __GNUC__
    __cpuid_count(leaf, subleaf, a, b, c, d);
#else
    __asm__ ("cpuid" : "=a"(a), "=b"(b), "=c"(c), "=d"(d) : "0"(leaf), "2"(subleaf));
#endif
}

static void InitHardwareRand()
{
    uint32_t eax, ebx, ecx, edx;
    GetCPUID(1, 0, eax, ebx, ecx, edx);
    if (ecx & CPUID_F1_ECX_RDRAND) {
        g_rdrand_supported = true;
    }
    GetCPUID(7, 0, eax, ebx, ecx, edx);
    if (ebx & CPUID_F7_EBX_RDSEED) {
        g_rdseed_supported = true;
    }
}

static void ReportHardwareRand()
{
    // This must be done in a separate function, as InitHardwareRand() may be indirectly called
    // from global constructors, before logging is initialized.
    if (g_rdseed_supported) {
        LogPrintf("Using RdSeed as additional entropy source\n");
    }
    if (g_rdrand_supported) {
        LogPrintf("Using RdRand as an additional entropy source\n");
    }
}

/** Read 64 bits of entropy using rdrand.
 *
 * Must only be called when RdRand is supported.
 */
static uint64_t GetRdRand() noexcept
{
    // RdRand may very rarely fail. Invoke it up to 10 times in a loop to reduce this risk.
#ifdef __i386__
    uint8_t ok;
    // Initialize to 0 to silence a compiler warning that r1 or r2 may be used
    // uninitialized. Even if rdrand fails (!ok) it will set the output to 0,
    // but there is no way that the compiler could know that.
    uint32_t r1 = 0, r2 = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
        __asm__ volatile (".byte 0x0f, 0xc7, 0xf0; setc %1" : "=a"(r1), "=q"(ok) :: "cc"); // rdrand %eax
        if (ok) break;
    }
    for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
        __asm__ volatile (".byte 0x0f, 0xc7, 0xf0; setc %1" : "=a"(r2), "=q"(ok) :: "cc"); // rdrand %eax
        if (ok) break;
    }
    return (((uint64_t)r2) << 32) | r1;
#elif defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__amd64__)
    uint8_t ok;
    uint64_t r1 = 0; // See above why we initialize to 0.
    for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
        __asm__ volatile (".byte 0x48, 0x0f, 0xc7, 0xf0; setc %1" : "=a"(r1), "=q"(ok) :: "cc"); // rdrand %rax
        if (ok) break;
    }
    return r1;
#else
#error "RdRand is only supported on x86 and x86_64"
#endif
}

/** Read 64 bits of entropy using rdseed.
 *
 * Must only be called when RdSeed is supported.
 */
static uint64_t GetRdSeed() noexcept
{
    // RdSeed may fail when the HW RNG is overloaded. Loop indefinitely until enough entropy is gathered,
    // but pause after every failure.
#ifdef __i386__
    uint8_t ok;
    uint32_t r1, r2;
    do {
        __asm__ volatile (".byte 0x0f, 0xc7, 0xf8; setc %1" : "=a"(r1), "=q"(ok) :: "cc"); // rdseed %eax
        if (ok) break;
        __asm__ volatile ("pause");
    } while(true);
    do {
        __asm__ volatile (".byte 0x0f, 0xc7, 0xf8; setc %1" : "=a"(r2), "=q"(ok) :: "cc"); // rdseed %eax
        if (ok) break;
        __asm__ volatile ("pause");
    } while(true);
    return (((uint64_t)r2) << 32) | r1;
#elif defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__amd64__)
    uint8_t ok;
    uint64_t r1;
    do {
        __asm__ volatile (".byte 0x48, 0x0f, 0xc7, 0xf8; setc %1" : "=a"(r1), "=q"(ok) :: "cc"); // rdseed %rax
        if (ok) break;
        __asm__ volatile ("pause");
    } while(true);
    return r1;
#else
#error "RdSeed is only supported on x86 and x86_64"
#endif
}

#else
/* Access to other hardware random number generators could be added here later,
 * assuming it is sufficiently fast (in the order of a few hundred CPU cycles).
 * Slower sources should probably be invoked separately, and/or only from
 * RandAddSeedSleep (which is called during idle background operation).
 */
static void InitHardwareRand() {}
static void ReportHardwareRand() {}
#endif

/** Add 64 bits of entropy gathered from hardware to hasher. Do nothing if not supported. */
static void SeedHardwareFast(CSHA512& hasher) noexcept {
#if defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__amd64__) || defined(__i386__)
    if (g_rdrand_supported) {
        uint64_t out = GetRdRand();
        hasher.Write((const unsigned char*)&out, sizeof(out));
        return;
    }
#endif
}

/** Add 256 bits of entropy gathered from hardware to hasher. Do nothing if not supported. */
static void SeedHardwareSlow(CSHA512& hasher) noexcept {
#if defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__amd64__) || defined(__i386__)
    // When we want 256 bits of entropy, prefer RdSeed over RdRand, as it's
    // guaranteed to produce independent randomness on every call.
    if (g_rdseed_supported) {
        for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
            uint64_t out = GetRdSeed();
            hasher.Write((const unsigned char*)&out, sizeof(out));
        }
        return;
    }
    // When falling back to RdRand, XOR the result of 1024 results.
    // This guarantees a reseeding occurs between each.
    if (g_rdrand_supported) {
        for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
            uint64_t out = 0;
            for (int j = 0; j < 1024; ++j) out ^= GetRdRand();
            hasher.Write((const unsigned char*)&out, sizeof(out));
        }
        return;
    }
#endif
}

/** Use repeated SHA512 to strengthen the randomness in seed32, and feed into hasher. */
static void Strengthen(const unsigned char (&seed)[32], int microseconds, CSHA512& hasher) noexcept
{
    CSHA512 inner_hasher;
    inner_hasher.Write(seed, sizeof(seed));

    // Hash loop
    unsigned char buffer[64];
    int64_t stop = GetTimeMicros() + microseconds;
    do {
        for (int i = 0; i < 1000; ++i) {
            inner_hasher.Finalize(buffer);
            inner_hasher.Reset();
            inner_hasher.Write(buffer, sizeof(buffer));
        }
        // Benchmark operation and feed it into outer hasher.
        int64_t perf = GetPerformanceCounter();
        hasher.Write((const unsigned char*)&perf, sizeof(perf));
    } while (GetTimeMicros() < stop);

    // Produce output from inner state and feed it to outer hasher.
    inner_hasher.Finalize(buffer);
    hasher.Write(buffer, sizeof(buffer));
    // Try to clean up.
    inner_hasher.Reset();
    memory_cleanse(buffer, sizeof(buffer));
}

static void RandAddSeedPerfmon(CSHA512& hasher)
{
#ifdef WIN32
    // Don't need this on Linux, OpenSSL automatically uses /dev/urandom
    // Seed with the entire set of perfmon data

    // This can take up to 2 seconds, so only do it every 10 minutes
    static int64_t nLastPerfmon;
    if (GetTime() < nLastPerfmon + 10 * 60)
        return;
    nLastPerfmon = GetTime();

    std::vector<unsigned char> vData(250000, 0);
    long ret = 0;
    unsigned long nSize = 0;
    const size_t nMaxSize = 10000000; // Bail out at more than 10MB of performance data
    while (true) {
        nSize = vData.size();
        ret = RegQueryValueExA(HKEY_PERFORMANCE_DATA, "Global", nullptr, nullptr, vData.data(), &nSize);
        if (ret != ERROR_MORE_DATA || vData.size() >= nMaxSize)
            break;
        vData.resize(std::max((vData.size() * 3) / 2, nMaxSize)); // Grow size of buffer exponentially
    }
    RegCloseKey(HKEY_PERFORMANCE_DATA);
    if (ret == ERROR_SUCCESS) {
        hasher.Write(vData.data(), nSize);
        memory_cleanse(vData.data(), nSize);
    } else {
        // Performance data is only a best-effort attempt at improving the
        // situation when the OS randomness (and other sources) aren't
        // adequate. As a result, failure to read it is isn't considered critical,
        // so we don't call RandFailure().
        // TODO: Add logging when the logger is made functional before global
        // constructors have been invoked.
    }
#endif
}

#ifndef WIN32
/** Fallback: get 32 bytes of system entropy from /dev/urandom. The most
 * compatible way to get cryptographic randomness on UNIX-ish platforms.
 */
static void GetDevURandom(unsigned char *ent32)
{
    int f = open("/dev/urandom", O_RDONLY);
    if (f == -1) {
        RandFailure();
    }
    int have = 0;
    do {
        ssize_t n = read(f, ent32 + have, NUM_OS_RANDOM_BYTES - have);
        if (n <= 0 || n + have > NUM_OS_RANDOM_BYTES) {
            close(f);
            RandFailure();
        }
        have += n;
    } while (have < NUM_OS_RANDOM_BYTES);
    close(f);
}
#endif

/** Get 32 bytes of system entropy. */
void GetOSRand(unsigned char *ent32)
{
#if defined(WIN32)
    HCRYPTPROV hProvider;
    int ret = CryptAcquireContextW(&hProvider, nullptr, nullptr, PROV_RSA_FULL, CRYPT_VERIFYCONTEXT);
    if (!ret) {
        RandFailure();
    }
    ret = CryptGenRandom(hProvider, NUM_OS_RANDOM_BYTES, ent32);
    if (!ret) {
        RandFailure();
    }
    CryptReleaseContext(hProvider, 0);
#elif defined(HAVE_SYS_GETRANDOM)
    /* Linux. From the getrandom(2) man page:
     * "If the urandom source has been initialized, reads of up to 256 bytes
     * will always return as many bytes as requested and will not be
     * interrupted by signals."
     */
    int rv = syscall(SYS_getrandom, ent32, NUM_OS_RANDOM_BYTES, 0);
    if (rv != NUM_OS_RANDOM_BYTES) {
        if (rv < 0 && errno == ENOSYS) {
            /* Fallback for kernel <3.17: the return value will be -1 and errno
             * ENOSYS if the syscall is not available, in that case fall back
             * to /dev/urandom.
             */
            GetDevURandom(ent32);
        } else {
            RandFailure();
        }
    }
#elif defined(HAVE_GETENTROPY) && defined(__OpenBSD__)
    /* On OpenBSD this can return up to 256 bytes of entropy, will return an
     * error if more are requested.
     * The call cannot return less than the requested number of bytes.
       getentropy is explicitly limited to openbsd here, as a similar (but not
       the same) function may exist on other platforms via glibc.
     */
    if (getentropy(ent32, NUM_OS_RANDOM_BYTES) != 0) {
        RandFailure();
    }
    // Silence a compiler warning about unused function.
    (void)GetDevURandom;
#elif defined(HAVE_GETENTROPY_RAND) && defined(MAC_OSX)
    /* getentropy() is available on macOS 10.12 and later.
     */
    if (getentropy(ent32, NUM_OS_RANDOM_BYTES) != 0) {
        RandFailure();
    }
    // Silence a compiler warning about unused function.
    (void)GetDevURandom;
#elif defined(HAVE_SYSCTL_ARND)
    /* FreeBSD and similar. It is possible for the call to return less
     * bytes than requested, so need to read in a loop.
     */
    static const int name[2] = {CTL_KERN, KERN_ARND};
    int have = 0;
    do {
        size_t len = NUM_OS_RANDOM_BYTES - have;
        if (sysctl(name, ARRAYLEN(name), ent32 + have, &len, nullptr, 0) != 0) {
            RandFailure();
        }
        have += len;
    } while (have < NUM_OS_RANDOM_BYTES);
    // Silence a compiler warning about unused function.
    (void)GetDevURandom;
#else
    /* Fall back to /dev/urandom if there is no specific method implemented to
     * get system entropy for this OS.
     */
    GetDevURandom(ent32);
#endif
}

void LockingCallbackOpenSSL(int mode, int i, const char* file, int line);

namespace {

class RNGState {
    Mutex m_mutex;
    /* The RNG state consists of 256 bits of entropy, taken from the output of
     * one operation's SHA512 output, and fed as input to the next one.
     * Carrying 256 bits of entropy should be sufficient to guarantee
     * unpredictability as long as any entropy source was ever unpredictable
     * to an attacker. To protect against situations where an attacker might
     * observe the RNG's state, fresh entropy is always mixed when
     * GetStrongRandBytes is called.
     */
    unsigned char m_state[32] GUARDED_BY(m_mutex) = {0};
    uint64_t m_counter GUARDED_BY(m_mutex) = 0;
    bool m_strongly_seeded GUARDED_BY(m_mutex) = false;
    std::unique_ptr<Mutex[]> m_mutex_openssl;

public:
    RNGState() noexcept
    {
        InitHardwareRand();

        // Init OpenSSL library multithreading support
        m_mutex_openssl.reset(new Mutex[CRYPTO_num_locks()]);
        CRYPTO_set_locking_callback(LockingCallbackOpenSSL);

        // OpenSSL can optionally load a config file which lists optional loadable modules and engines.
        // We don't use them so we don't require the config. However some of our libs may call functions
        // which attempt to load the config file, possibly resulting in an exit() or crash if it is missing
        // or corrupt. Explicitly tell OpenSSL not to try to load the file. The result for our libs will be
        // that the config appears to have been loaded and there are no modules/engines available.
        OPENSSL_no_config();
    }

    ~RNGState()
    {
        // Securely erase the memory used by the OpenSSL PRNG
        RAND_cleanup();
        // Shutdown OpenSSL library multithreading support
        CRYPTO_set_locking_callback(nullptr);
    }

    /** Extract up to 32 bytes of entropy from the RNG state, mixing in new entropy from hasher.
     *
     * If this function has never been called with strong_seed = true, false is returned.
     */
    bool MixExtract(unsigned char* out, size_t num, CSHA512&& hasher, bool strong_seed) noexcept
    {
        assert(num <= 32);
        unsigned char buf[64];
        static_assert(sizeof(buf) == CSHA512::OUTPUT_SIZE, "Buffer needs to have hasher's output size");
        bool ret;
        {
            LOCK(m_mutex);
            ret = (m_strongly_seeded |= strong_seed);
            // Write the current state of the RNG into the hasher
            hasher.Write(m_state, 32);
            // Write a new counter number into the state
            hasher.Write((const unsigned char*)&m_counter, sizeof(m_counter));
            ++m_counter;
            // Finalize the hasher
            hasher.Finalize(buf);
            // Store the last 32 bytes of the hash output as new RNG state.
            memcpy(m_state, buf + 32, 32);
        }
        // If desired, copy (up to) the first 32 bytes of the hash output as output.
        if (num) {
            assert(out != nullptr);
            memcpy(out, buf, num);
        }
        // Best effort cleanup of internal state
        hasher.Reset();
        memory_cleanse(buf, 64);
        return ret;
    }

    Mutex& GetOpenSSLMutex(int i) { return m_mutex_openssl[i]; }
};

RNGState& GetRNGState() noexcept
{
    // This C++11 idiom relies on the guarantee that static variable are initialized
    // on first call, even when multiple parallel calls are permitted.
    static std::vector<RNGState, secure_allocator<RNGState>> g_rng(1);
    return g_rng[0];
}
}

void LockingCallbackOpenSSL(int mode, int i, const char* file, int line) NO_THREAD_SAFETY_ANALYSIS
{
    RNGState& rng = GetRNGState();

    if (mode & CRYPTO_LOCK) {
        rng.GetOpenSSLMutex(i).lock();
    } else {
        rng.GetOpenSSLMutex(i).unlock();
    }
}

/* A note on the use of noexcept in the seeding functions below:
 *
 * None of the RNG code should ever throw any exception.
 */

static void SeedTimestamp(CSHA512& hasher) noexcept
{
    int64_t perfcounter = GetPerformanceCounter();
    hasher.Write((const unsigned char*)&perfcounter, sizeof(perfcounter));
}

static void SeedFast(CSHA512& hasher) noexcept
{
    unsigned char buffer[32];

    // Stack pointer to indirectly commit to thread/callstack
    const unsigned char* ptr = buffer;
    hasher.Write((const unsigned char*)&ptr, sizeof(ptr));

    // Hardware randomness is very fast when available; use it always.
    SeedHardwareFast(hasher);

    // High-precision timestamp
    SeedTimestamp(hasher);
}

static void SeedSlow(CSHA512& hasher) noexcept
{
    unsigned char buffer[32];

    // Everything that the 'fast' seeder includes
    SeedFast(hasher);

    // OS randomness
    GetOSRand(buffer);
    hasher.Write(buffer, sizeof(buffer));

    // OpenSSL RNG (for now)
    RAND_bytes(buffer, sizeof(buffer));
    hasher.Write(buffer, sizeof(buffer));

    // High-precision timestamp.
    //
    // Note that we also commit to a timestamp in the Fast seeder, so we indirectly commit to a
    // benchmark of all the entropy gathering sources in this function).
    SeedTimestamp(hasher);
}

/** Extract entropy from rng, strengthen it, and feed it into hasher. */
static void SeedStrengthen(CSHA512& hasher, RNGState& rng) noexcept
{
    static std::atomic<int64_t> last_strengthen{0};
    int64_t last_time = last_strengthen.load();
    int64_t current_time = GetTimeMicros();
    if (current_time > last_time + 60000000) { // Only run once a minute
        // Generate 32 bytes of entropy from the RNG, and a copy of the entropy already in hasher.
        unsigned char strengthen_seed[32];
        rng.MixExtract(strengthen_seed, sizeof(strengthen_seed), CSHA512(hasher), false);
        // Strengthen it for 10ms (100ms on first run), and feed it into hasher.
        Strengthen(strengthen_seed, last_time == 0 ? 100000 : 10000, hasher);
        last_strengthen = current_time;
    }
}

static void SeedSleep(CSHA512& hasher, RNGState& rng)
{
    // Everything that the 'fast' seeder includes
    SeedFast(hasher);

    // High-precision timestamp
    SeedTimestamp(hasher);

    // Sleep for 1ms
    UninterruptibleSleep(std::chrono::milliseconds{1});

    // High-precision timestamp after sleeping (as we commit to both the time before and after, this measures the delay)
    SeedTimestamp(hasher);

    // Windows performance monitor data (once every 10 minutes)
    RandAddSeedPerfmon(hasher);

    // Strengthen every minute
    SeedStrengthen(hasher, rng);
}

static void SeedStartup(CSHA512& hasher, RNGState& rng) noexcept
{
    // Gather 256 bits of hardware randomness, if available
    SeedHardwareSlow(hasher);

    // Everything that the 'slow' seeder includes.
    SeedSlow(hasher);

    // Windows performance monitor data.
    RandAddSeedPerfmon(hasher);

    // Strengthen
    SeedStrengthen(hasher, rng);
}

enum class RNGLevel {
    FAST, //!< Automatically called by GetRandBytes
    SLOW, //!< Automatically called by GetStrongRandBytes
    SLEEP, //!< Called by RandAddSeedSleep()
};

static void ProcRand(unsigned char* out, int num, RNGLevel level)
{
    // Make sure the RNG is initialized first (as all Seed* function possibly need hwrand to be available).
    RNGState& rng = GetRNGState();

    assert(num <= 32);

    CSHA512 hasher;
    switch (level) {
    case RNGLevel::FAST:
        SeedFast(hasher);
        break;
    case RNGLevel::SLOW:
        SeedSlow(hasher);
        break;
    case RNGLevel::SLEEP:
        SeedSleep(hasher, rng);
        break;
    }

    // Combine with and update state
    if (!rng.MixExtract(out, num, std::move(hasher), false)) {
        // On the first invocation, also seed with SeedStartup().
        CSHA512 startup_hasher;
        SeedStartup(startup_hasher, rng);
        rng.MixExtract(out, num, std::move(startup_hasher), true);
    }

    // For anything but the 'fast' level, feed the resulting RNG output (after an additional hashing step) back into OpenSSL.
    if (level != RNGLevel::FAST) {
        unsigned char buf[64];
        CSHA512().Write(out, num).Finalize(buf);
        RAND_add(buf, sizeof(buf), num);
        memory_cleanse(buf, 64);
    }
}

std::chrono::microseconds GetRandMicros(std::chrono::microseconds duration_max) noexcept
{
    return std::chrono::microseconds{GetRand(duration_max.count())};
}

void GetRandBytes(unsigned char* buf, int num) noexcept { ProcRand(buf, num, RNGLevel::FAST); }
void GetStrongRandBytes(unsigned char* buf, int num) noexcept { ProcRand(buf, num, RNGLevel::SLOW); }
void RandAddSeedSleep() { ProcRand(nullptr, 0, RNGLevel::SLEEP); }

bool g_mock_deterministic_tests{false};

uint64_t GetRand(uint64_t nMax) noexcept
{
    return FastRandomContext(g_mock_deterministic_tests).randrange(nMax);
}

int GetRandInt(int nMax) noexcept
{
    return GetRand(nMax);
}

uint256 GetRandHash() noexcept
{
    uint256 hash;
    GetRandBytes((unsigned char*)&hash, sizeof(hash));
    return hash;
}

bool GetRandBool(double rate)
{
    if (rate == 0.0) {
        return false;
    }

    const uint64_t v = 100000000;
    uint64_t r = GetRand(v + 1);
    return r <= v * rate;
}

void FastRandomContext::RandomSeed()
{
    uint256 seed = GetRandHash();
    rng.SetKey(seed.begin(), 32);
    requires_seed = false;
}

uint256 FastRandomContext::rand256() noexcept
{
    if (bytebuf_size < 32) {
        FillByteBuffer();
    }
    uint256 ret;
    memcpy(ret.begin(), bytebuf + 64 - bytebuf_size, 32);
    bytebuf_size -= 32;
    return ret;
}

std::vector<unsigned char> FastRandomContext::randbytes(size_t len)
{
    if (requires_seed) RandomSeed();
    std::vector<unsigned char> ret(len);
    if (len > 0) {
        rng.Keystream(&ret[0], len);
    }
    return ret;
}

FastRandomContext::FastRandomContext(const uint256& seed) noexcept : requires_seed(false), bytebuf_size(0), bitbuf_size(0)
{
    rng.SetKey(seed.begin(), 32);
}

bool Random_SanityCheck()
{
    uint64_t start = GetPerformanceCounter();

    /* This does not measure the quality of randomness, but it does test that
     * OSRandom() overwrites all 32 bytes of the output given a maximum
     * number of tries.
     */
    static const ssize_t MAX_TRIES = 1024;
    uint8_t data[NUM_OS_RANDOM_BYTES];
    bool overwritten[NUM_OS_RANDOM_BYTES] = {}; /* Tracks which bytes have been overwritten at least once */
    int num_overwritten;
    int tries = 0;
    /* Loop until all bytes have been overwritten at least once, or max number tries reached */
    do {
        memset(data, 0, NUM_OS_RANDOM_BYTES);
        GetOSRand(data);
        for (int x=0; x < NUM_OS_RANDOM_BYTES; ++x) {
            overwritten[x] |= (data[x] != 0);
        }

        num_overwritten = 0;
        for (int x=0; x < NUM_OS_RANDOM_BYTES; ++x) {
            if (overwritten[x]) {
                num_overwritten += 1;
            }
        }

        tries += 1;
    } while (num_overwritten < NUM_OS_RANDOM_BYTES && tries < MAX_TRIES);
    if (num_overwritten != NUM_OS_RANDOM_BYTES) return false; /* If this failed, bailed out after too many tries */

    // Check that GetPerformanceCounter increases at least during a GetOSRand() call + 1ms sleep.
    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(1));
    uint64_t stop = GetPerformanceCounter();
    if (stop == start) return false;

    // We called GetPerformanceCounter. Use it as entropy.
    CSHA512 to_add;
    to_add.Write((const unsigned char*)&start, sizeof(start));
    to_add.Write((const unsigned char*)&stop, sizeof(stop));
    GetRNGState().MixExtract(nullptr, 0, std::move(to_add), false);

    return true;
}

FastRandomContext::FastRandomContext(bool fDeterministic) noexcept : requires_seed(!fDeterministic), bytebuf_size(0), bitbuf_size(0)
{
    if (!fDeterministic) {
        return;
    }
    uint256 seed;
    rng.SetKey(seed.begin(), 32);
}

FastRandomContext& FastRandomContext::operator=(FastRandomContext&& from) noexcept
{
    requires_seed = from.requires_seed;
    rng = from.rng;
    std::copy(std::begin(from.bytebuf), std::end(from.bytebuf), std::begin(bytebuf));
    bytebuf_size = from.bytebuf_size;
    bitbuf = from.bitbuf;
    bitbuf_size = from.bitbuf_size;
    from.requires_seed = true;
    from.bytebuf_size = 0;
    from.bitbuf_size = 0;
    return *this;
}

void RandomInit()
{
    // Invoke RNG code to trigger initialization (if not already performed)
    ProcRand(nullptr, 0, RNGLevel::FAST);

    ReportHardwareRand();
}